“This chapter focuses on individual and team characteristics associated with psychological resilience during space missions. an initial discussion describes the types of mission factors (e.g., environmental stressors such as microgravity and radiation and habitability stressors such as confined space as well as privacy and work-related factors). two types of individual factors are discussed: (1) individual state factors such as sleep, fatigue, and mood and (2) individual resilience factors such as personal values and coping strategies. the final sections of the chapter turn to team resilience, its relation to team performance, and how best to select and train for resilient teams. a discussion of specific team skills provides some detail on the attributes of resilient teams.”

“The purpose of this paper is to review and critique the variety of definitions, concepts, and theories of psychological resilience. to this end, the narrative is divided into three main sections. the first considers how resilience has been defined in the psychology research literature. despite the construct being operationalized in a variety of ways, most definitions are based around two core concepts: adversity and positive adaptation. a substantial body of evidence suggests that resilience is required in response to different adversities, ranging from ongoing daily hassles to major life events, and that positive adaptation must be conceptually appropriate to the adversity examined in terms of the domains assessed and the stringency of criteria used. the second section examines the conceptualization of resilience as either a trait or a process, and explores how it is distinct from a number of related terms. resilience is conceptualized as the interactive influence of psychological characteristics within the context of the stress process. the final section reviews the theories of resilience and critically examines one theory in particular that is commonly cited in the resilience literature. future theories in this area should take into account the multiple demands individuals encounter, the meta-cognitive and -emotive processes that affect the resilience-stress relationship, and the conceptual distinction between resilience and coping. the review concludes with implications for policy, practice, and research including the need to carefully manage individuals’ immediate environment, and to develop the protective and promotive factors that individuals can proactively use to build resilience.”

“OBJECTIVE: to review the literature on psychological and biological findings on resilience (i.e. the successful adaptation and swift recovery after experiencing life adversities) at the level of the individual, and to integrate findings from animal and human studies.nnmethod: electronic and manual literature search of medline, embase and psychinfo, using a range of search terms around biological and psychological factors influencing resilience as observed in human and experimental animal studies, complemented by review articles and cross-references.nnresults: the term resilience is used in the literature for different phenomena ranging from prevention of mental health disturbance to successful adaptation and swift recovery after experiencing life adversities, and may also include post-traumatic psychological growth. secure attachment, experiencing positive emotions and having a purpose in life are three important psychological building blocks of resilience. overlap between psychological and biological findings on resilience in the literature is most apparent for the topic of stress sensitivity, although recent results suggest a crucial role for reward experience in resilience.nnconclusion: improving the understanding of the links between genetic endowment, environmental impact and gene-environment interactions with developmental psychology and biology is crucial for elucidating the neurobiological and psychological underpinnings of resilience.”

“In 3 studies, the authors investigated the functional role of psychological resilience and positive emotions in the stress process. studies 1a and 1b explored naturally occurring daily stressors. study 2 examined data from a sample of recently bereaved widows. across studies, multilevel random coefficient modeling analyses revealed that the occurrence of daily positive emotions serves to moderate stress reactivity and mediate stress recovery. findings also indicated that differences in psychological resilience accounted for meaningful variation in daily emotional responses to stress. higher levels of trait resilience predicted a weaker association between positive and negative emotions, particularly on days characterized by heightened stress. finally, findings indicated that over time, the experience of positive emotions functions to assist high-resilient individuals in their ability to recover effectively from daily stress. implications for research into protective factors that serve to inhibit the scope, severity, and diffusion of daily stressors in later adulthood are discussed.”

“Two studies were conducted to analyze how hope, resilience, optimism, and efficacy in- dividually and as a composite higher-order factor predicted work performance and sat- isfaction. results from study 1 provided psychometric support for a new survey measure designed to assess each of these 4 facets, as well as a composite factor. study 2 results in- dicated a significant positive relationship regarding the composite of these 4 facets with performance and satisfaction. results from study 2 also indicated that the composite fac- tor may be a better predictor of performance and satisfaction than the 4 individual facets. limitations and practical implications conclude the article.”

“This brochure explains how to develop and use a personal strategy for enhancing resilience despite challenging life experiences.”

“Human responses to stress and trauma vary widely. some people develop trauma-related psychological disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd) and depression; others develop mild to moderate psychological symptoms that resolve rapidly; still others report no new psychological symptoms in response to traumatic stress. individual variability in how animals and humans respond to stress and trauma depends on numerous genetic, developmental, cognitive, psychological, and neurobiological risk and protective factors.”

“Background the goal of the current study was to investigate psychological resilience in the older adults (>64 years) compared with that of the young ones (<26 years). methods questionnaire measures of depression, hopelessness, general health and resilience were administered to the participants. the resilience measure comprised three sub-scales of social support, emotional regulation and problem solving. results the older adults were the more resilient group especially with respect to emotional regulation ability and problem solving. the young ones had more resilience related to social support. poor perceptions of general health and low energy levels predicted low levels of resilience regardless of age. low hopelessness scores also predicted greater resilience in both groups. experiencing higher levels of mental illness and physical dysfunction predicted high resilience scores especially for the social support resilience scale in the older adults. the negative effects of depression on resilience related to emotional regulation were countered by low hopelessness but only in the young adults. conclusions these results highlight the importance of maintaining resilience-related coping skills in both young and older adults but indicate that different psychological processes underlie resilience across the lifespan. copyright © 2011 john wiley & sons, ltd.”

“Research on adult reactions to potentially traumatic events has focused almost exclusively on post- traumatic stress disorder (ptsd). althoughthere has been relatively little research on the absence of trauma symp- toms, the available evidence suggests that resilience following such events may be more prevalent than previously believed. this study examined the prevalence of resilience, defined as having either no ptsd symptoms or one symptom, among a large (n 5 2,752) probability sample of new york area residents during the 6 months following the september 11th terrorist attack. although many respondents met criteria for ptsd, particularly when exposure was high, resilience was observed in 65.1% of the sample. resilience was less prevalent among more highly exposed individuals, but the frequency of resilience never fell below one third even among the exposure groups with the most dramatic elevations in ptsd.”

“Objective: although it is well-established that the ability to manage stress is a prerequisite of sporting excellence, the construct of psychological resilience has yet to be systematically examined in athletic performers. the study reported here sought to explore and explain the relationship between psychological resilience and optimal sport performance. design and method: twelve olympic champions (8 men and 4 women) from a range of sports were interviewed regarding their experiences of withstanding pressure during their sporting careers. a grounded theory approach was employed throughout the data collection and analysis, and interview transcripts were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding. methodological rigor was established by incorporating various verification strategies into the research process, and the resultant grounded theory was also judged using the quality criteria of fit, work, relevance, and modifiability. results and conclusions: results indicate that numerous psychological factors (relating to a positive personality, motivation, confidence, focus, and perceived social support) protect the world’s best athletes from the potential negative effect of stressors by influencing their challenge appraisal and meta-cognitions. these processes promote facilitative responses that precede optimal sport performance. the emergent theory provides sport psychologists, coaches and national sport organizations with an understanding of the role of resilience in athletes’ lives and the attainment of optimal sport performance. © 2012 elsevier ltd.”

“PNAS – resolução, apresentação, introdução, 1. análise situacional, 2. política pública de assistência social, 3.gestão da política nacional de assistência social na perspectiva do sistema único de assistência social – suas. nob-suas – resolução, 77 apresentação, 79 1. justificativa da norma operacional básica do suas, 2. tipos e níveis de gestão do suas, 3. instrumentos de gestão, 4. instâncias de articulação, pactuação e deliberação, 5. financiamento, 6. regras de transição,”

“Because challenges are ubiquitous, resilience is essential for success in school and in life. in this article we review research demonstrating the impact of students’ mindsets on their resilience in the face of academic and social challenges. we show that students who believe (or are taught) that intellectual abilities are qualities that can be developed (as opposed to qualities that are fixed) tend to show higher achievement across challenging school transitions and greater course completion rates in challenging math courses. new research also shows that believing (or being taught) that social attributes can be developed can lower adolescents’ aggression and stress in response to peer victimization or exclusion, and result in enhanced school performance. we conclude by discussing why psychological interventions that change students’ mindsets are effective and what educators can do to foster these mindsets and create resilience in educational settings. © 2012 copyright taylor and francis group, llc.”

“A growing body of evidence suggests that most adults exposed to potentially traumatic events are resilient. however, research on the factors that may promote or deter adult resilience has been limited. this study examined patterns of association between resilience and various sociocontextual factors. the authors used data from a random-digit-dial phone survey (n = 2,752) conducted in the new york city area after the september 11, 2001, terrorist attack. resilience was defined as having 1 or 0 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and as being associated with low levels of depression and substance use. multivariate analyses indicated that the prevalence of resilience was uniquely predicted by participant gender, age, race/ethnicity, education, level of trauma exposure, income change, social support, frequency of chronic disease, and recent and past life stressors. implications for future research and intervention are discussed.”

“Abstract psychological resilience is important in sport because athletes must utilise and optimise a range of mental qualities to withstand the pressures that they experience. in this article, we discuss psychological resilience in sport performers via a review of the stressors athletes encounter and the protective factors that help them withstand these demands. it is hoped that synthesising what is known in these areas will help researchers gain a deeper profundity of resilience in sport, and also provide a rigorous and robust foundation for the development of a sport-specific measure of resilience. with these points in mind, we divided the narrative into two main sections. in the first section, we review the different types of stressors encountered by sport performers under three main categories: competitive, organisational and personal. based on our recent research examining psychological resilience in olympics champions, in the second section we discuss the five main families of psychological factors (viz. positive personality, motivation, confidence, focus, perceived social support) that protect the best athletes from the potential negative effect of stressors. it is anticipated that this review will help sport psychology researchers examine the interplay between stressors and protective factors, which will, in turn, focus the analytical lens on the processes underlying psychological resilience in athletes.”

“Mindfulness- and acceptance-based conceptualizations of ptsd implicate experiential avoidance and non-mindful behavior in the etiology and maintenance of the disorder. if experiential avoidance is associated with vulnerability to ptsd, then a mindful and accepting orientation toward experience may confer psychological resilience following exposure to trauma. this article examines how mindfulness- and acceptance-based theories of psychopathology relate to risk of and resilience to ptsd. research is reviewed dealing with the impact of experiential avoidance, avoidant coping, dissociation, acceptance, and mindfulness on ptsd symptom severity and posttraumatic functioning. this review suggests that trait mindfulness and acceptance are associated with greater psychological adjustment following exposure to trauma, while experiential avoidance, persistent dissociation, and coping strategies involving emotional disengagement are associated with greater ptsd symptom severity and related psychopathology. methodological challenges are explored and suggestions for future research and ptsd prevention programs are discussed. © the author(s) 2011.”

“Until recently, resilience among adults exposed to potentially traumatic events was thought to occur rarely and in either pathological or exceptionally healthy individuals. recent research indicates, however, that the most common reaction among adults exposed to such events is a relatively stable pattern of healthy functioning coupled with the enduring capacity for positive emotion and generative experiences. a surprising finding is that there is no single resilient type. rather, there appear to be multiple and sometimes unexpected ways to be resilient, and sometimes resilience is achieved by means that are not fully adaptive under normal circumstances. for example, people who characteristically use self-enhancing biases often incur social liabilities but show resilient outcomes when confronted with extreme adversity. directions for further research are considered. copyright © 2005 american psychological society.”

“Psychological resilience can be defined as individual’s ability to withstand and adapt to adverse and traumatic events. resilience is traditionally assessed by subjective reports, a method that is susceptible to self-report bias. an ideal solution to this challenge is the introduction of standardised and validated physiological and/or biological predictors of resilience. we provide a summary of the major concepts in the field of resilience followed by a detailed critical review of the literature around physiological, neurochemical and immune markers of resilience. we conclude that in future experimental protocols, biological markers of resilience should be assesses both during baseline and during laboratory stressors. in the former case the most promising candidates are represented by heart rate variability and by in vitro immune cells assay; in the latter case—by startle responses (especially their habituation) during stress challenge and by cardiovascular recovery after stress, and by cortisol, dhea and cytokine responses. importantly, they should be used in combination to enhance predictive power.”