Epistemology

Epistemology (/ɪˌpɪstɪˈmɒləi/ (About this sound listen); from Greek, Modern ἐπιστήμη, epistēmē, meaning ‘knowledge’, and λόγος, logos, meaning ‘logical discourse’) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge.[1]

Epistemology is the study of the nature of knowledge, justification, and the rationality of belief. Much debate in epistemology centers on four areas: (1) the philosophical analysis of the nature of knowledge and how it relates to such concepts as truth, belief, and justification,[2][3] (2) various problems of skepticism, (3) the sources and scope of knowledge and justified belief, and (4) the criteria for knowledge and justification. Epistemology addresses such questions as: “What makes justified beliefs justified?”,[4] “What does it mean to say that we know something?”,[5] and fundamentally “How do we know that we know?”.[6]

Metacognition – Thinking about thinking

Metacognition is “cognition about cognition”, “thinking about thinking”, “knowing about knowing”, becoming “aware of one’s awareness” and in general “higher-order thinking”. Meta is a prefix used in English to indicate a concept which is an abstraction behind another concept, used to complete or add to the latter. The term is etymologically derived from Ancient Greek from μετά (metá, cf. metaphysics, q.v. a science of that which transcends the physical, i.e., “higher than, transcending, overarching, dealing with the most fundamental matters”; cf. metacommunication (n.) “a secondary communication that takes place with, or underlies, a more obvious communication”; cf. metalogical (n.) “beyond the sphere of logic, transcending logic” (by 1865).

Veenman, M. V. J., Van Hout-Wolters, B. H. A. M., & Afflerbach, P.. (2006). Metacognition and learning: conceptual and methodological considerations. Metacognition and Learning

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s11409-006-6893-0
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Lai, E. R.. (2011). Metacognition : A Literature Review Research Report. Research Reports

doi.org/10.2307/3069464

Baker, L.. (2010). Metacognition. In International Encyclopedia of Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.00484-X
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Nelson, T. O.. (1996). Consciousness and Metacognition. American Psychologist

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.102
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Fleming, S. M., & Lau, H. C.. (2014). How to measure metacognition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00443
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Tanner, K. D.. (2012). Promoting student metacognition.. CBE Life Sciences Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1187/cbe.12-03-0033
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Thompson, V. A., Prowse Turner, J. A., & Pennycook, G.. (2011). Intuition, reason, and metacognition. Cognitive Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2011.06.001
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Shimamura, A. P.. (2000). Toward a Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition. Consciousness and Cognition

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1006/ccog.2000.0450
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Fleming, S. M., & Frith, C. D.. (2014). The cognitive neuroscience of metacognition. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45190-4
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Garrison, D. R., & Akyol, Z.. (2015). Toward the development of a metacognition construct for communities of inquiry. Internet and Higher Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2014.10.001
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Georghiades, P.. (2004). From the general to the situated: Three decades of metacognition. International Journal of Science Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/0950069032000119401
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Foote, A. L., & Crystal, J. D.. (2007). Metacognition in the Rat. Current Biology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.061
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Livingston, J.. (2003). Metacognition: An Overview. Educational resources information center

doi.org/10.1080/0950069032000119401

Akyol, Z., & Garrison, D. R.. (2011). Assessing metacognition in an online community of inquiry. Internet and Higher Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.01.005
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Schraw, G.. (1998). Promoting general metacognitive awareness. Instructional Science

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1023/A:1003044231033
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Frith, C. D.. (2012). The role of metacognition in human social interactions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0123
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Fleming, S. M., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D.. (2012). Metacognition: Computation, biology and function. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0021
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Smith, J. D.. (2009). The study of animal metacognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.009
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Fox, E., & Riconscente, M.. (2008). Metacognition and self-regulation in James, Piaget, and Vygotsky. Educational Psychology Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s10648-008-9079-2
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Brown, A. L.. (1987). Metacognition, executive control, self-regulation, and other more mysterious mechanisms. In Metacognition, motivation, and understanding

Plain numerical DOI: doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.3.1416
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Terrace, H. S., & Son, L. K.. (2009). Comparative metacognition. Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2009.06.004
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Bordieu’s Habitus & Hexis

The term habitus (/ˈhæbɪtəs/) refers to ingrained habits, skills, and psychological/behavioral  dispositions. It is the way that individuals perceive the social world around them and react to it. These dispositions are usually shared by people with similar backgrounds (such as social class, religion, nationality, ethnicity, education, profession etc.). The habitus is acquired through imitation (mimesis) and is the reality that individuals are socialized, which includes their individual experience and opportunities. Thus, the habitus represents the way group culture and personal history shape the body and the mind, and as a result, shape present social actions of an individual.

Pierre Bourdieu suggested that the habitus consists of both the hexis (the tendency to hold and use one’s body in a certain way, such as posture and accent) and more abstract mental habits, schemes of perception, classification, appreciation, feeling, and action. These schemes are not mere habits: Bourdieu suggested they allow individuals to find new solutions to new situations without calculated deliberation, based on their gut feelings and intuitions, which Bourdieu believed were collective and socially shaped. These attitudes, mannerisms, tastes, moral intuitions and habits have influence on the individual’s life chances, so the habitus not only is structured by an individual’s objective past position in the social structure but also structures the individual’s future life path. Pierre Bourdieu argued that the reproduction of the social structure results from the habitus of individuals (Bourdieu, 1987).


References

Reay, D.. (2004). “It’s all becoming a habitus”: Beyond the habitual use of habitus in educational research. British Journal of Sociology of Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/0142569042000236934
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Lyons, A. P., Bourdieu, P., & Nice, R.. (1980). Outline of a Theory of Practice. ASA Review of Books

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/532672
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Bourdieu, P.. (1969). Structures, Habitus, Practices. In The Logic of Practice

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/2804264
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Lizardo, O.. (2004). The cognitive origins of Bourdieu’s Habitus. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5914.2004.00255.x
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Jason D. Edgerton, & Roberts, L. W.. (2014). Habitus. In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1519
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Wacquant, L.. (2007). Esclarecer o Habitus. Educação & Linguagem

Plain numerical DOI: 10.15603/2176-1043/el.v10n16p63-71 M4 – Citavi
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Crossley, N.. (2013). Habit and Habitus. Body and Society

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1357034X12472543
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Silva, E. B.. (2016). Habitus: Beyond sociology. Sociological Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/1467-954X.12345
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Gaddis, S. M.. (2013). The influence of habitus in the relationship between cultural capital and academic achievement. Social Science Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.08.002
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Thomas, L.. (2002). Student retention in higher education: The role of institutional habitus. Journal of Education Policy

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/02680930210140257
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Mutch, A.. (2003). Communities of practice and habitus: A critique. Organization Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0170840603024003909
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Bordieu, P., & Bourdieu, P.. (1968). Outline of a Sociological Theory of Art Perception. International Social Science Journal

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1590/S0103-20702013000100001
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Bourdieu, P.. (1986). Habitus, code et codification. Actes de La Recherche En Sciences Sociales

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3406/arss.1986.2335
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Hanks, W. F.. (2005). PIERRE BOURDIEU AND THE PRACTICES OF LANGUAGE. Annual Review of Anthropology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143907
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Bourdieu, P.. (2000). Making the Economic Habitus: Algerian Workers Revisited. Ethnography

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/14661380022230624
DOI URL
directSciHub download

King, A.. (2000). Thinking with Bourdieu against Bourdieu: A “practical” critique of the habitus. Sociological Theory

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/0735-2751.00109
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Crossley, N.. (2001). The phenomenological habitus and its construction. Theory and Society

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1023/A:1011070710987
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Sewell, W. H.. (1992). A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation. American Journal of Sociology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1086/229967
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Nash, R.. (1990). Bourdieu on Education and Social and Cultural Reproduction. British Journal of Sociology of Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/0142569900110405
DOI URL
directSciHub download