“Plasma and ovarian levels of the dimeric forms of inhibin and plasma estradiol-17beta were investigated and compared with changes in plasma gonadotropins from postnatal day (pnd) 5 to pnd 30 in the female rat. the inhibin subunit proteins were localized in follicular granulosa cells of the ovary. plasma immunoreactive inhibin levels were low until pnd 15 and increased thereafter. plasma levels of inhibin b (alpha and beta(b) subunits) remained very low until pnd 15 and then increased by approximately 24-fold. in contrast, plasma levels of inhibin a (alpha and beta(a) subunits) were relatively low and steady until pnd 20, then increased by approximately 3-fold at pnd 25. changes in ovarian inhibin a and b levels closely resembled those in plasma levels. plasma fsh levels were low at pnd 10 but started to peak from pnd 15 and remained high until pnd 20, followed by a remarkable reduction at pnds 25 and 30. this dramatic fall in fsh coincided with the rise of inhibin a. a significant inverse correlation was observed between plasma fsh and plasma inhibin a (r = -0.67, p < 0.0002), ovarian inhibin a (r = -0.48, p < 0.01), plasma inhibin b (r = -0.48, p < 0.05), and ovarian inhibin b (r = -0.54, p < 0.01). plasma estradiol-17beta levels were elevated from pnd 5 through pnd 15, then fell sharply through pnd 30. plasma estradiol-17beta was significantly and positively (r = 0.75, p < 0.0002) correlated with plasma fsh. plasma lh rose to higher levels at pnd 15 and tended to be lower thereafter. the inhibin alpha, beta(a), and beta(b) subunits were localized to primary, secondary, and antral and large antral follicles, but the types of these immunopositive follicles varied with age. it appeared that, at pnd 25 and afterward, all three subunits were mainly confined to large antral follicles in the ovary. we conclude that estradiol-17beta likely is the major candidate in stimulation of fsh secretion in the infantile female rat. we also conclude that inhibin regulation of pituitary fsh secretion through its negative feedback in the infantile female rat begins to operate after pnd 20. we suggest that this negative feedback is achieved by increases in plasma levels of the two dimeric forms, and that inhibin a appears to be the major physiological regulator of fsh secretion at the initiation of this mechanism. we also conclude that large antral follicles in the ovary are the primary source of these bioactive inhibins that are secreted in large amounts into the circulat…”

“This research surveys the current state-of-the-art technologies that are instrumental in the adoption and development of fake news detection. ” fake news detection ” is defined as the task of categorizing news along a continuum of veracity, with an associated measure of certainty. veracity is compromised by the occurrence of intentional deceptions. the nature of online news publication has changed, such that traditional fact checking and vetting from potential deception is impossible against the flood arising from content generators, as well as various formats and genres. the paper provides a typology of several varieties of veracity assessment methods emerging from two major categories – linguistic cue approaches (with machine learning), and network analysis approaches. we see promise in an innovative hybrid approach that combines linguistic cue and machine learning, with network-based behavioral data. although designing a fake news detector is not a straightforward problem, we propose operational guidelines for a feasible fake news detecting system.”

“This research assesses possible associations between viewing fake news (i.e., political satire) and attitudes of inefficacy, alienation, and cynicism toward political candidates. using survey data collected during the 2006 israeli election campaign, the study provides evidence for an indirect positive effect of fake news viewing in fostering the feelings of inefficacy, alienation, and cynicism, through the mediator variable of perceived realism of fake news. within this process, hard news viewing serves as a moderator of the association between viewing fake news and their perceived realism. it was also demonstrated that perceived realism of fake news is stronger among individuals with high exposure to fake news and low exposure to hard news than among those with high exposure to both fake and hard news. overall, this study contributes to the scientific knowledge regarding the influence of the interaction between various types of media use on political effects.”

“This analysis uses twitter stock and options prices sampled at a 30 s frequency around the fake news announcement, of a bid for a controlling stake in twitter stock, to investigate how noise trading and informed trading is disseminated into equity and option markets. we find reaction to the fake news occurred in the equity market, and the option market reacted with a delay. this differs from many analyses of actual news events, which found informed traders prefer the options market, and information from their trades then leaks into the equity market. we conclude uninformed traders, and those aware of the hoax, prefer to trade in equity over option markets. this result has implications for isolating informed trading around actual news events.”

“This study examines the agenda-setting power of fake news and fact-checkers who fight them through a computational look at the online mediascape from 2014 to 2016. although our study confirms that content from fake news websites is increasing, these sites do not exert excessive power. instead, fake news has an intricately entwined relationship with online partisan media, both responding and setting its issue agenda. in 2016, partisan media appeared to be especially susceptible to the agendas of fake news, perhaps due to the election. emerging news media are also responsive to the agendas of fake news, but to a lesser degree. fake news coverage itself is diverging and becoming more autonomous topically. while fact-checkers are autonomous in their selection of issues to cover, they were not influential in determining the agenda of news media overall, and their influence appears to be declining, illustrating the difficulties fact-checkers face in disseminating their corrections.”

“This article examines the news behaviors and attitudes of teenagers, an understudied demographic in the research on youth and news media. based on interviews with 61 racially diverse high school students, it discusses how adolescents become informed about current events and why they prefer certain news formats to others. the results reveal changing ways news information is being accessed, new attitudes about what it means to be informed, and a youth preference for opinionated rather than objective news. this does not indicate that young people disregard the basic ideals of professional journalism but, rather, that they desire more authentic renderings of them.”

“A fake news detection system aims to assist users in detecting and filtering out varieties of potentially deceptive news. the prediction of the chances that a particular news item is intentionally deceptive is based on the analysis of previously seen truthful and deceptive news. a scarcity of deceptive news, available as corpora for predictive modeling, is a major stumbling block in this field of natural language processing (nlp) and deception detection. this paper discusses three types of fake news, each in contrast to genuine serious reporting, and weighs their pros and cons as a corpus for text analytics and predictive modeling. filtering, vetting, and verifying online information continues to be essential in library and information science (lis), as the lines between traditional news and online information are blurring.”

“As revealed in two unrelated reports from prison inmates, the sexology of all-male incarceration subdivides into masturbation, wet dreams, and partner contacts in association with heterosexual imagery; consenting homosexual pairing with one partner exclusively androphilic and the other bisexual; coercive partnerships with one partner dominating but not injuring the other and neither being permanently and exclusively androphilic; and violent homosexual rape. the lone-term outcomes of prison celibacy and homosexuality are not presently known. these outcomes need to be studied systematically and prospectively. it is suggested that it is illogical to punish sex offenders by incarcerating them in an environment that breeds sex offending. a system of conjugal visitation, and possibly of family living in prison, is a more logical, and probably the only alternative to institutionalized sexual brutality and homosexuality that is situationally evoked. [abstract from author]”

“Inaccurate beliefs pose a threat to democracy and fake news represents a particularly egregious and direct avenue by which inaccurate beliefs have been propagated via social media. here we present three studies (mturk, n = 1,606) investigating the cognitive psychological profile of individuals who fall prey to fake news. we find consistent evidence that the tendency to ascribe profundity to randomly generated sentences – pseudo-profound bullshit receptivity – correlates positively with perceptions of fake news accuracy, and negatively with the ability to differentiate between fake and real news (media truth discernment). relatedly, individuals who overclaim regarding their level of knowledge (i.e. who produce bullshit) also perceive fake news as more accurate. conversely, the tendency to ascribe profundity to prototypically profound (non-bullshit) quotations is not associated with media truth discernment; and both profundity measures are positively correlated with willingness to share both fake and real news on social media. we also replicate prior results regarding analytic thinking – which correlates negatively with perceived accuracy of fake news and positively with media truth discernment – and shed further light on this relationship by showing that it is not moderated by the presence versus absence of information about the new headline’s source (which has no effect on perceived accuracy), or by prior familiarity with the news headlines (which correlates positively with perceived accuracy of fake and real news). our results suggest that belief in fake news has similar cognitive properties to other forms of bullshit receptivity, and reinforce the important role that analytic thinking plays in the recognition of misinformation. ”

“This research assesses possible associations between viewing fake news (i.e., political satire) and attitudes of inefficacy, alienation, and cynicism toward political candidates. using survey data collected during the 2006 israeli election campaign, the study provides evidence for an indirect positive effect of fake news viewing in fostering the feelings of inefficacy, alienation, and cynicism, through the mediator variable of perceived realism of fake news. within this process, hard news viewing serves as a moderator of the association between viewing fake news and their perceived realism. it was also demonstrated that perceived realism of fake news is stronger among individuals with high exposure to fake news and low exposure to hard news than among those with high exposure to both fake and hard news. overall, this study contributes to the scientific knowledge regarding the influence of the interaction between various types of media use on political effects.”

“To understand the misinformation ecosystem, here’s a break down of the types of fake content, content creators motivations and how it’s being disseminated”

“This paper examines the 2016 us presidential election campaign to identify problems with, causes of and solutions to the contemporary fake news phenomenon. to achieve this, we employ textual analysis and feedback from engagement, meetings and panels with technolo-gists, journalists, editors, non-profits, public relations firms, analytics firms and academics dur-ing the globally leading technology conference, south-by-south west, in march 2017. we further argue that what is most significant about the contemporary fake news furore is what it portends: the use of personally and emotionally targeted news produced by algo-journalism and what we term ” empathic media ” . in assessing solutions to this democratically problematic situation, we recommend that greater attention is paid to the role of digital advertising in causing, and combating, both the contemporary fake news phenomenon, and the near-horizon variant of empathically optimised automated fake news.”

“Hal berghel, ‘lies, damn lies, and fake news’, computer, vol. 50, no. , pp. 80-85, feb. 2017, doi:10.1109/mc.2017.56”

“The results of the 2016 us presidential election and the uk vote to leave the european union (brexit) have raised questions about the influence of fake online news and social-media ‘echo chambers’ (see also p. williamson nature 540, 171; 2016). the propagation of such information through social networks bears many similarities to the evolution and transmission of infectious diseases. analysis of transmission dynamics could therefore provide insight into how misinformation spreads and competes online. for example, disease strains can evolve and compete in a host population, much like rumours, and infections and opinions are both shaped by social contacts. modelling of competing disease strains indicates that, as contacts become more localized, the diversity of circulating strains can increase (see c. o’ f. buckee et al. proc. natl acad. sci. usa 101, 10839–10844; 2004). network structure can also suppress the invasion of new disease strains (see g. e. leventhal et al. nature commun. 6, 6101; 2015). as more people turn to social networks as a primary news source, transmission models combined with appropriate data could help in exploring the dynamics of this new media landscape.”

“This paper explores the issue of colonial borders through a case study of the intra-imperial boundary between tunisia and algeria, two territories under french rule between 1881 and the first decade of the twentieth century. the aim here is to understand what was at stake when it came to separating two territories holding different legal status but both administered by the french: algeria which had officially become a french colony in 1830 and tunisia which was given protectorate status in 1880. the paper considers some of the many disputes over the border that took place both in the field and in colonial administrative offices. it also raises the question of the scope of colonial rule by exploring the way the border was never fully determined and was constantly redrawn by the inhabitants of the border regions themselves, who were presented first as tribes, and later, as either algerian or tunisian by the french civil and military administrations, and by the political authorities in algiers, tunis or paris. as they all had their own interests in the matter, disputes were common but were also sometimes resolved in unexpected ways. finally, the paper raises a further issue concerning the question of national identity in the context of the definition of national territories, which reveals the full ambiguity of the concept of identity in the colonial situation.”