Further References

Hocking, E. C., Simons, R. M., & Surette, R. J. (2016). Attachment style as a mediator between childhood maltreatment and the experience of betrayal trauma as an adult. Child Abuse and Neglect. doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.01.001

Klest, B., Tamaian, A., & Boughner, E. (2019). A Model Exploring the Relationship Between Betrayal Trauma and Health: The Roles of Mental Health, Attachment, Trust in Healthcare Systems, and Nonadherence to Treatment. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. doi.org/10.1037/tra0000453

Lawson, D. M., & Akay-Sullivan, S. (2020). Considerations of Dissociation, Betrayal Trauma, and Complex Trauma in the Treatment of Incest. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2020.1751369

Choi, K. J., & Kangas, M. (2019). Impact of Maternal Betrayal Trauma on Parent and Child Well-Being: Attachment Style and Emotion Regulation as Moderators. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. doi.org/10.1037/tra0000492

Keng, S. L., Noorahman, N. B., Drabu, S., & Chu, C. M. (2019). Association Between Betrayal Trauma and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescent Offenders: Shame and Emotion Dysregulation as Mediating Factors. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health. doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2018.1552633

Yalch, M. M., & Levendosky, A. A. (2019). Influence of betrayal trauma on borderline personality disorder traits. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation. doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1572042

Yalch, M. M., Stewart, A. M., & Dehart, R. M. (2021). Influence of Betrayal Trauma on Antisocial Personality Disorder Traits. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation. doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1792025

Platt, M. G., & Freyd, J. J. (2015). Betray my trust, shame on me: Shame, dissociation, fear, and betrayal trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. doi.org/10.1037/tra0000022

Carroll, A. R. (2020). Betrayal Trauma and Resilience in Former Foster Youth. Emerging Adulthood. doi.org/10.1177/2167696820933126

Goldsmith, R. E., Freyd, J. J., & DePrince, A. P. (2012). Betrayal Trauma: Associations With Psychological and Physical Symptoms in Young Adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi.org/10.1177/0886260511421672

Babcock Fenerci, R. L., & Allen, B. (2018). From mother to child: Maternal betrayal trauma and risk for maltreatment and psychopathology in the next generation. Child Abuse and Neglect. doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.05.014

Tang, S. S. S., & Freyd, J. J. (2012). Betrayal trauma and gender differences in posttraumatic stress. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. doi.org/10.1037/a0025765

Yalch, M. M., & Levendosky, A. A. (2018). Influence of betrayal trauma on death anxiety. Humanistic Psychologist. doi.org/10.1037/hum0000115

Gómez, J. M. (2020). Gendered Sexual Violence: Betrayal Trauma, Dissociation, and PTSD in Diverse College Students. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma. doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1783737

Gómez, J. M. (2019). Isn’t It All About Victimization? (Intra)cultural Pressure and Cutural Betrayal Trauma in Ethnic Minority College Women. Violence Against Women. doi.org/10.1177/1077801218811682

Gagnon, K. L., DePrince, A. P., Chu, A. T., Gorman, M., & Saylor, M. M. (2016). Betrayal trauma and child symptoms: The role of emotion. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation. doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.1077915

Gómez, J. M. (2019). What’s in a Betrayal? Trauma, Dissociation, and Hallucinations Among High-Functioning Ethnic Minority Emerging Adults. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma. doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2018.1494653

Gómez, J. M., Kaehler, L. A., & Freyd, J. J. (2014). Are hallucinations related to betrayal trauma exposure? A three-study exploration. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. doi.org/10.1037/a0037084

Gamache Martin, C., Van Ryzin, M. J., & Dishion, T. J. (2016). Profiles of Childhood Trauma: Betrayal, Frequency, and Psychological Distress in Late Adolescence. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. doi.org/10.1037/tra0000095

Kaehler, L. A., & Freyd, J. J. (2012). Betrayal trauma and borderline personality characteristics: Gender differences. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. doi.org/10.1037/a0024928

Babcock Fenerci, R. L., Chu, A. T., & DePrince, A. P. (2016). Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma-Related Distress: Maternal Betrayal Trauma, Parenting Attitudes, and Behaviors. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma. doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1129655

Kaehler, L. A., & Freyd, J. J. (2009). Borderline Personality Characteristics: A Betrayal Trauma Approach. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. doi.org/10.1037/a0017833

Freyd, J. J., Klest, B., & Allard, C. B. (2005). Betrayal trauma: Relationship to physical health, psychological distress, and a written disclosure intervention. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation. doi.org/10.1300/J229v06n03_04

Jacoby, V. M., Krackow, E., & Scotti, J. R. (2017). Betrayal Trauma in Youth and Negative Communication during a Stressful Task: The Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation. In International Journal of Aging and Human Development. doi.org/10.1177/0091415016669724

Mackelprang, J. L., Klest, B., Najmabadi, S. J., Valley-Gray, S., Gonzalez, E. A., & Cash, R. E. (Gene. (2014). Betrayal Trauma Among Homeless Adults: Associations With Revictimization, Psychological Well-Being, and Health. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi.org/10.1177/0886260513506060

Lind, M. N., Adams-Clark, A. A., & Freyd, J. J. (2020). Isn’t high school bad enough already? Rates of gender harassment and institutional betrayal in high school and their association with trauma-related symptoms. PLoS ONE. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237713

Cromer, L. D. M., Gray, M. E., Vasquez, L., & Freyd, J. J. (2018). The Relationship of Acculturation to Historical Loss Awareness, Institutional Betrayal, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma in the American Indian Experience. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. doi.org/10.1177/0022022117738749

Riley, D. (2019). Pipelines, Persistence, and Perfidy: Institutional Unknowing and Betrayal Trauma in Engineering. Feminist Formations. doi.org/10.1353/ff.2019.0006

Andresen, F. J., Monteith, L. L., Kugler, J., Cruz, R. A., & Blais, R. K. (2019). Institutional betrayal following military sexual trauma is associated with more severe depression and specific posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters. Journal of Clinical Psychology. doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22773

Wright, N. M., Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2017). Experience of a Lifetime: Study Abroad, Trauma, and Institutional Betrayal. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma. doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2016.1170088

Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2013). Dangerous Safe Havens: Institutional Betrayal Exacerbates Sexual Trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress. doi.org/10.1002/jts.21778

Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2017). Insult, then Injury: Interpersonal and Institutional Betrayal Linked to Health and Dissociation. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma. doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1322654

Selwyn, C. N., Lathan, E. C., Richie, F., Gigler, M. E., & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (2021). Bitten by the System that Cared for them: Towards a Trauma-Informed Understanding of Patients’ Healthcare Engagement. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation. doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1869657

Monteith, L. L., Bahraini, N. H., Matarazzo, B. B., Soberay, K. A., & Smith, C. P. (2016). Perceptions of Institutional Betrayal Predict Suicidal Self-Directed Violence Among Veterans Exposed to Military Sexual Trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychology. doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22292

Dadouch, Z., & Lilly, M. M. (2020). Post-Trauma Psychopathology in Journalists Subtitle: The Influence of Institutional Betrayal and World Assumptions. Journalism Practice. doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1755606

Vesely, C. K., Letiecq, B. L., & Goodman, R. D. (2017). Immigrant Family Resilience in Context: Using a Community-Based Approach to Build a New Conceptual Model. Journal of Family Theory and Review. doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12177

Dockler, L., & Mueller, J. (2017). Introduction to the Special Issue on Institutional and Betrayal Trauma. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma. doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2016.1263707

Holliday, R., & Monteith, L. L. (2019). Seeking help for the health sequelae of military sexual trauma: a theory-driven model of the role of institutional betrayal. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation. doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1571888

Monteith, L. L., Schneider, A. L., Holliday, R., & Bahraini, N. H. (2021). Assessing Institutional Betrayal Among Female Veterans Who Experienced Military Sexual Trauma: A Rasch Analysis of the Institutional Betrayal Questionnaire.2. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi.org/10.1177/0886260520983959

Lewis, C. L., Lathan, E. C., Selwyn, C. N., Agnew, G. A., McCabe, S. D., Gigler, M. E., & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (2021). BITTEN at the Bedside: An Application Guide for Nurse Practitioners. Journal for Nurse Practitioners. doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.12.006

Adams-Clark, A. A., Rosenthal, M. N., & Freyd, J. J. (2019). Out-of-body experience: Sex-based harassment linked to general dissociation, sexual dissociation, and sexual communication. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion. doi.org/10.1108/EDI-11-2018-0211

Hannan, S. M., Zimnick, J., & Park, C. (2020). Consequences of Sexual Violence among College Students: Investigating the Role of PTSD Symptoms, Rumination, and Institutional Betrayal. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma. doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1796871

Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2014). Institutional betrayal. American Psychologist. doi.org/10.1037/a0037564

Gómez, J. M., Smith, C. P., Gobin, R. L., Tang, S. S., & Freyd, J. J. (2016). Collusion, torture, and inequality: Understanding the actions of the American Psychological Association as institutional betrayal. In Journal of Trauma and Dissociation. doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2016.1214436

Linder, C., & Myers, J. S. (2018). Institutional Betrayal as a Motivator for Campus Sexual Assault Activism. NASPA Journal About Women in Higher Education. doi.org/10.1080/19407882.2017.1385489

Tamaian, A., Klest, B., & Mutschler, C. (2017). Patient dissatisfaction and institutional betrayal in the Canadian medical system: A qualitative study. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation. doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2016.1181134

Reffi, A. N., Pinciotti, C. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2018). Psychometric Properties of the Institutional Betrayal Questionnaire, Version 2: Evidence for a Two-Factor Model. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi.org/10.1177/0886260518805771

Delker, B. C., Smith, C. P., Rosenthal, M. N., Bernstein, R. E., & Freyd, J. J. (2018). When Home Is Where the Harm Is: Family Betrayal and Posttraumatic Outcomes in Young Adulthood. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma. doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1382639

Smith, C. P., Cunningham, S. A., & Freyd, J. J. (2016). Sexual violence, institutional betrayal, and psychological outcomes for LGB college students. Translational Issues in Psychological Science. doi.org/10.1037/tps0000094

Reinhardt, K. M., Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2018). Came to Serve, Left Betrayed: Military Sexual Trauma and the Trauma of Betrayal. In Treating Military Sexual Trauma. doi.org/10.1891/9780826127792.0004