Walt Disney and the FBI

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Effects of trauma on personality and genetics

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Further References

Pfefferbaum, B., Nitiéma, P., & Newman, E.. (2019). A Meta-analysis of Intervention Effects on Depression and/or Anxiety in Youth Exposed to Political Violence or Natural Disasters. Child and Youth Care Forum

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s10566-019-09494-9
DOI URL
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Pfefferbaum, B., Noffsinger, M. A., & Wind, L. H.. (2012). Issues in the assessment of Children’s coping in the context of mass trauma. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X12000702
DOI URL
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Pfefferbaum, B., Nitiéma, P., & Newman, E.. (2021). A critical review of effective child mass trauma interventions: What we know and do not know from the evidence. Behavioral Sciences

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/bs11020025
DOI URL
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Pfefferbaum, B., Nitiéma, P., & Newman, E.. (2020). The Effect of Interventions on Functional Impairment in Youth Exposed to Mass Trauma: a Meta-Analysis. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s40653-019-00266-0
DOI URL
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Pfefferbaum, B., Nitiéma, P., Newman, E., & Patel, A.. (2019). The Benefit of Interventions to Reduce Posttraumatic Stress in Youth Exposed to Mass Trauma: A Review and Meta-Analysis. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X19004771
DOI URL
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Tarvydas, V. M., Levers, L. L., & Teahen, P. R.. (2017). Ethical Guidelines for Mass Trauma and Complex Humanitarian Emergencies. Journal of Counseling and Development

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12140
DOI URL
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Pfefferbaum, B., Tucker, P., Nitiéma, P., Van Horn, R. L., Varma, V., Varma, Y., … Newman, E.. (2022). Inconclusive Findings in Studies of the Link Between Media Coverage of Mass Trauma and Depression in Children. Current Psychiatry Reports

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s11920-022-01328-1
DOI URL
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Meffert, S., & Ekblad, S.. (2013). Global mental health intervention research and mass trauma. Open Access Journal of Clinical Trials

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2147/OAJCT.S37037
DOI URL
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Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., … Ursano, R. J.. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1521/psyc.2007.70.4.283
DOI URL
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Husain, M. I., Umer, M., Chaudhry, I. B., Husain, M. O., Rahman, R., Shakoor, S., … Husain, N.. (2021). Relationship between childhood trauma, personality, social support and depression in women attending general medical clinics in a low and middle-income country. Journal of Affective Disorders

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.010
DOI URL
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Fuchshuber, J., & Unterrainer, H. F.. (2020). Childhood Trauma, Personality, and Substance Use Disorder: The Development of a Neuropsychoanalytic Addiction Model. Frontiers in Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00531
DOI URL
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Stevanović, A., Frančišković, T., & Vermetten, E.. (2016). Relationship of early-life trauma, war-related trauma, personality traits, and PTSD symptom severity: A retrospective study on female civilian victims of war. European Journal of Psychotraumatology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v7.30964
DOI URL
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Yalch, M. M., Stewart, A. M., & Dehart, R. M.. (2021). Influence of Betrayal Trauma on Antisocial Personality Disorder Traits. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2020.1792025
DOI URL
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Paris, J.. (1998). Does childhood trauma cause personality disorders in adults?. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/070674379804300203
DOI URL
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Bahari, A., Hasani, J., & Mashhadi Akbar Boojar, M.. (2021). Childhood trauma and type D personality: The endocrine and cardiovascular effects on stress reactivity. Journal of Health Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1359105320934181
DOI URL
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Rutkowski, K., Dembińska, E., & Walczewska, J.. (2016). Effect of trauma onset on personality traits of politically persecuted victims. BMC Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0853-2
DOI URL
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Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A.. (2007). Childhood trauma, borderline personality, and eating disorders: A development cascade. Eating Disorders

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/10640260701454345
DOI URL
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Green, K., & Browne, K.. (2020). Personality Disorder Traits, Trauma, and Risk in Perpetrators of Domestic Violence. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0306624X19826516
DOI URL
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Li, Y., Lv, Q., Li, B., Luo, D., Sun, X., & Xu, J.. (2020). The role of trauma experiences, personality traits, and genotype in maintaining posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among child survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. BMC Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02844-1
DOI URL
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Back, S. N., Flechsenhar, A., Bertsch, K., & Zettl, M.. (2021). Childhood Traumatic Experiences and Dimensional Models of Personality Disorder in DSM-5 and ICD-11: Opportunities and Challenges. Current Psychiatry Reports

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01265-5
DOI URL
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Sheehan, A. E., Bounoua, N., Miglin, R., Spielberg, J. M., & Sadeh, N.. (2021). A multilevel examination of lifetime aggression: Integrating cortical thickness, personality pathology and trauma exposure. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab042
DOI URL
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Watkeys, O. J., Kremerskothen, K., Quidé, Y., Fullerton, J. M., & Green, M. J.. (2018). Glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) DNA methylation in association with trauma, psychopathology, transcript expression, or genotypic variation: A systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.017
DOI URL
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Light, A. E., Holt-Lunstad, J., Porter, C. L., & Light, K. C.. (2019). Early life trauma: An exploratory study of effects on OXTR and NR3C1 gene expression and nurturing self-efficacy in mothers of infants. International Journal of Psychophysiology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.03.018
DOI URL
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de Assis Pinheiro, J., Freitas, F. V., Borçoi, A. R., Mendes, S. O., Conti, C. L., Arpini, J. K., … Alvares-da-Silva, A. M.. (2021). Alcohol consumption, depression, overweight and cortisol levels as determining factors for NR3C1 gene methylation. Scientific Reports

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86189-z
DOI URL
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Çetin, Ş., Sözeri-Varma, G., Çetin, G. O., Türel, S., Uğurlu, T. T., & Özdel, O.. (2022). The Relationship Between Methylation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene (NR3C1) and Childhood Trauma and Alexithymia. Israel Journal of Psychiatry
Alexander, N., Kirschbaum, C., Wankerl, M., Stauch, B. J., Stalder, T., Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., … Miller, R.. (2018). Glucocorticoid receptor gene methylation moderates the association of childhood trauma and cortisol stress reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.01.020
DOI URL
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Vangeel, E. B., Kempke, S., Bakusic, J., Godderis, L., Luyten, P., Van Heddegem, L., … Claes, S.. (2018). Glucocorticoid receptor DNA methylation and childhood trauma in chronic fatigue syndrome patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.11.011
DOI URL
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Martín-Blanco, A., Ferrer, M., Soler, J., Salazar, J., Vega, D., Andión, O., … Pascual, J. C.. (2014). Association between methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene, childhood maltreatment, and clinical severity in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.06.011
DOI URL
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Perroud, N., Dayer, A., Piguet, C., Nallet, A., Favre, S., Malafosse, A., & Aubry, J. M.. (2014). Childhood maltreatment and methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1 in bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.112.120055
DOI URL
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Straight, B., Fisher, G., Needham, B. L., Naugle, A., Olungah, C., Wanitjirattikal, P., … Lalancette, C.. (2021). Lifetime stress and war exposure timing may predict methylation changes at NR3C1 based on a pilot study in a warrior cohort in a small-scale society in Kenya. American Journal of Human Biology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23515
DOI URL
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Malhi, G. S., Das, P., Outhred, T., Dobson-Stone, C., Irwin, L., Gessler, D., … Mannie, Z.. (2019). Effect of stress gene-by-environment interactions on hippocampal volumes and cortisol secretion in adolescent girls. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0004867419827649
DOI URL
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Smart, C., Strathdee, G., Watson, S., Murgatroyd, C., & McAllister-Williams, R. H.. (2015). Early life trauma, depression and the glucocorticoid receptor gene-an epigenetic perspective. Psychological Medicine

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/S0033291715001555
DOI URL
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Qi, R., Luo, Y., Zhang, L., Weng, Y., Surento, W., Xu, Q., … Thompson, P. M.. (2021). Decreased functional connectivity of hippocampal subregions and methylation of the NR3C1 gene in Han Chinese adults who lost their only child. Psychological Medicine

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/S0033291720000045
DOI URL
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Schür, R. R., van Leeuwen, J. M. C., Houtepen, L. C., Joëls, M., Kahn, R. S., Boks, M. P., & Vinkers, C. H.. (2018). Glucocorticoid receptor exon 1 F methylation and the cortisol stress response in health and disease. Psychoneuroendocrinology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.07.018
DOI URL
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Yehuda, R., Flory, J. D., Bierer, L. M., Henn-Haase, C., Lehrner, A., Desarnaud, F., … Meaney, M. J.. (2015). Lower Methylation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Promoter 1F in Peripheral Blood of Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Biological Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.006
DOI URL
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Vangeel, E., Van Den Eede, F., Hompes, T., Izzi, B., Del Favero, J., Moorkens, G., … Claes, S.. (2015). Chronic fatigue syndrome and DNA hypomethylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter 1F Region: Associations with HPA Axis Hypofunction and childhood trauma. Psychosomatic Medicine

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000224
DOI URL
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Fiacco, S., Gardini, E. S., Mernone, L., Schick, L., & Ehlert, U.. (2019). DNA Methylation in Healthy Older Adults With a History of Childhood Adversity—Findings From the Women 40+ Healthy Aging Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00777
DOI URL
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Perroud, N., Paoloni-Giacobino, A., Prada, P., Olié, E., Salzmann, A., Nicastro, R., … Malafosse, A.. (2011). Increased methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment: A link with the severity and type of trauma. Translational Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.60
DOI URL
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Womersley, J. S., Martin, L. I., van der Merwe, L., Seedat, S., & Hemmings, S. M. J.. (2018). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis variants and childhood trauma influence anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents. Metabolic Brain Disease

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0138-6
DOI URL
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Rovaris, D. L., Mota, N. R., Bertuzzi, G. P., Aroche, A. P., Callegari-Jacques, S. M., Guimarães, L. S. P., … Grassi-Oliveira, R.. (2015). Corticosteroid receptor genes and childhood neglect influence susceptibility to crack/cocaine addiction and response to detoxification treatment. Journal of Psychiatric Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.06.008
DOI URL
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Holmes, L., Shutman, E., Chinaka, C., Deepika, K., Pelaez, L., & Dabney, K. W.. (2019). Aberrant epigenomic modulation of glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in early life stress and major depressive disorder correlation: Systematic review and quantitative evidence synthesis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214280
DOI URL
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Grillault Laroche, D., Curis, E., Bellivier, F., Nepost, C., Courtin, C., Etain, B., & Marie-Claire, C.. (2020). Childhood maltreatment and HPA axis gene expression in bipolar disorders: A gene network analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104753
DOI URL
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Sheerin, C. M., Lind, M. J., Bountress, K. E., Marraccini, M. E., Amstadter, A. B., Bacanu, S. A., & Nugent, N. R.. (2020). Meta-Analysis of Associations Between Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Genes and Risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/jts.22484
DOI URL
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Peng, H., Zhu, Y., Strachan, E., Fowler, E., Bacus, T., Roy-Byrne, P., … Zhao, J.. (2018). Childhood Trauma, DNA Methylation of Stress-Related Genes, and Depression: Findings from Two Monozygotic Twin Studies. Psychosomatic Medicine

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000604
DOI URL
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Nöthling, J., Malan-Müller, S., Abrahams, N., Hemmings, S. M. J., & Seedat, S.. (2020). Epigenetic alterations associated with childhood trauma and adult mental health outcomes: A systematic review. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2019.1583369
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Brown, V.. (2021). Methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1: a summary for clinicians working with children and families. BJPsych Open

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2021.643
DOI URL
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Racial Hygiene, Eugenics & Geopolitics

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Fritz Gottlieb Karl Lenz (9 March 1887 in Pflugrade, Pomerania – 6 July 1976 in Göttingen, Lower Saxony) was a German geneticist, member of the Nazi Party, and influential specialist in eugenics in Nazi Germany.

Outline of Human Genetics and Racial Hygiene (Grundriss der menschlichen Erblichkeitslehre und Rassenhygiene)

Human reproduction and eugenics as a public issue: The contemporary reception of a German standard textbook on racial hygiene 1921–1941

URL: www.michaeljournal.no/article/2006/01/Human-reproduction-and-eugenics-as-a-public-issue-The-contemporary-reception-of-a-German-standard-textbook-on-racial-hygiene-1921-1941

Summary: Based on contemporary book reviews, the author analyses the reception of and impact exerted by the German standard textbook of eugenics in the inter-worldwar period, the two-volume «Human Heredity» («Menschliche Erblichkeitslehre und Rassenhygiene», München: Lehmanns, 1921–1940) written by Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer and Fritz Lenz. Probably, this book consolidated racial hygiene as a scientific discipline and provided an important background legitimating both racial politics and legislation during the National Socialist regime in Germany.

academic.oup.com/chicago-scholarship-online/book/18180/chapter-abstract/176127399?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Abstract

This chapter examines the way human heredity was taught in the college-preparatory schools in Germany prior to and during the Third Reich, revealing that eugenics was taught even before the Nazi seizure of power. It shows that human genetics instruction at the secondary school level was a professional and ethical gray zone where the responsibility of biology teachers for inculcating their students with racial hygiene ideas comes into question.

United States Government official PsyOp manuals

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irp.fas.org/doddir/army/fm3-05-301.pdf
psyops 2
irp.fas.org/doddir/army/fm3-05-30.pdf
psyops manual

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CJCS Instruction 3110.05C. Joint Psychological Operations Supplement to the
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DOD Instruction S-3321-1. (S) Overt Psychological Operations Conducted by the
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Sequential & longitudinal transgenerational trauma

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Sequential traumatisation in children
Results of a follow-up study by Hans Keilson

Abstract
In view of the variety of psychopathological, psychiatric-diagnostic and fundamental methodological questions in the medical recording and description of the condition of the survivors of Nazi terror, a man-made-disaster event of an extent of wickedness hitherto unknown in psychiatric traumatology, it seems to me not insignificant to begin with a few considerations with regard to the topic. Despite all the difficulties of integrating the biographical-anecdotal moment of a massively cumulative traumatised life course of adult persecutees into a superordinate system of a scientifically justifiable structure of thought, all the investigators, whatever theoretical presuppositions they followed, could start from the common principle that the elements of persecution, insofar as they were survived at all, represented and meant in their individual and in their entire experiential content an incursion into the “adult, mature personality”. What they represented and what they meant are the central problems that played a central and, as we all know, not always sublime role in reparation legislation and practice.

link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-51871-3_8

Study overview: Nanotechnology in Covid-19 “vaccines”

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The future of nanotechnology
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Image source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7997390/?report=reader

Further References

Ruiz-Hitzky, E., Darder, M., Wicklein, B., Ruiz-Garcia, C., Martín-Sampedro, R., del Real, G., & Aranda, P.. (2020). Nanotechnology Responses to COVID-19. Advanced Healthcare Materials

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000979
DOI URL
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Yang, D.. (2021). Application of nanotechnology in the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Nanomedicine

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S296383
DOI URL
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Tharayil, A., Rajakumari, R., Chirayil, C. J., Thomas, S., & Kalarikkal, N.. (2021). A short review on nanotechnology interventions against COVID-19. Emergent Materials

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00163-z
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Rasmi, Y., Saloua, K. S., Nemati, M., & Choi, J. R.. (2021). Recent progress in nanotechnology for covid-19 prevention, diagnostics and treatment. Nanomaterials

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/nano11071788
DOI URL
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Chauhan, G., Madou, M. J., Kalra, S., Chopra, V., Ghosh, D., & Martinez-Chapa, S. O.. (2020). Nanotechnology for COVID-19: Therapeutics and Vaccine Research. ACS Nano

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04006
DOI URL
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Tang, Z., Zhang, X., Shu, Y., Guo, M., Zhang, H., & Tao, W.. (2021). Insights from nanotechnology in COVID-19 treatment. Nano Today

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.101019
DOI URL
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Singh, Y. D., Ningthoujam, R., Panda, M. K., Jena, B., Babu, P. J., & Mishra, A. K.. (2021). Insight from nanomaterials and nanotechnology towards COVID-19. Sensors International

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100099
DOI URL
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Paliwal, P., Sargolzaei, S., Bhardwaj, S. K., Bhardwaj, V., Dixit, C., & Kaushik, A.. (2020). Grand Challenges in Bio-Nanotechnology to Manage the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Nanotechnology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2020.571284
DOI URL
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Campos, E. V. R., Pereira, A. E. S., De Oliveira, J. L., Carvalho, L. B., Guilger-Casagrande, M., De Lima, R., & Fraceto, L. F.. (2020). How can nanotechnology help to combat COVID-19? Opportunities and urgent need. Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00685-4
DOI URL
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Tavares, J. L., Cavalcanti, I. D. L., Santos Magalhães, N. S., & Lira Nogueira, M. C. de B.. (2022). Nanotechnology and COVID-19: quo vadis?. Journal of Nanoparticle Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s11051-022-05452-0
DOI URL
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Vahedifard, F., & Chakravarthy, K.. (2021). Nanomedicine for COVID-19: the role of nanotechnology in the treatment and diagnosis of COVID-19. Emergent Materials

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00168-8
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Singh, P., Singh, D., Sa, P., Mohapatra, P., Khuntia, A., & Sahoo, S. K.. (2021). Insights from nanotechnology in COVID-19: Prevention, detection, therapy and immunomodulation. Nanomedicine

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0004
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Hasanzadeh, A., Alamdaran, M., Ahmadi, S., Nourizadeh, H., Bagherzadeh, M. A., Mofazzal Jahromi, M. A., … Hamblin, M. R.. (2021). Nanotechnology against COVID-19: Immunization, diagnostic and therapeutic studies. Journal of Controlled Release

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.036
DOI URL
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Weiss, C., Carriere, M., Fusco, L., Fusco, L., Capua, I., Regla-Nava, J. A., … Delogu, L. G.. (2020). Toward Nanotechnology-Enabled Approaches against the COVID-19 Pandemic. ACS Nano

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03697
DOI URL
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Rangayasami, A., Kannan, K., Murugesan, S., Radhika, D., Sadasivuni, K. K., Reddy, K. R., & Raghu, A. V.. (2021). Influence of nanotechnology to combat against COVID-19 for global health emergency: A review. Sensors International

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100079
DOI URL
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Chintagunta, A. D., Sai Krishna, M., Nalluru, S., & Sampath Kumar, N. S.. (2021). Nanotechnology: an emerging approach to combat COVID-19. Emergent Materials

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00178-6
DOI URL
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Cardoso, V. M. de O., Moreira, B. J., Comparetti, E. J., Sampaio, I., Ferreira, L. M. B., Lins, P. M. P., & Zucolotto, V.. (2020). Is Nanotechnology Helping in the Fight Against COVID-19?. Frontiers in Nanotechnology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2020.588915
DOI URL
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Tavakol, S., Zahmatkeshan, M., Mohammadinejad, R., Mehrzadi, S., Joghataei, M. T., Alavijeh, M. S., & Seifalian, A.. (2021). The role of nanotechnology in current COVID-19 outbreak. Heliyon

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06841
DOI URL
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Du, L., Yang, Y., Zhang, X., & Li, F.. (2022). Recent advances in nanotechnology-based COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. Nanoscale

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03831a
DOI URL
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Chaudhary, V., Royal, A., Chavali, M., & Yadav, S. K.. (2021). Advancements in research and development to combat COVID-19 using nanotechnology. Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s41204-021-00102-7
DOI URL
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Rai, M., Bonde, S., Yadav, A., Bhowmik, A., Rathod, S., Ingle, P., & Gade, A.. (2021). Nanotechnology as a shield against covid-19: Current advancement and limitations. Viruses

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/v13071224
DOI URL
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Dube, A., Egieyeh, S., & Balogun, M.. (2021). A perspective on nanotechnology and covid-19 vaccine research and production in south africa. Viruses

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/v13102095
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Tyagi, P. K., Tyagi, S., Kumar, A., Ahuja, A., & Gola, D.. (2021). Contribution of nanotechnology in the fight against covid-19. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.33263/BRIAC111.82338241
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De M Ribeiro, L. N., & Fonseca, B. B.. (2020). The role of pharmaceutical nanotechnology in the time of COVID-19 pandemic. Future Microbiology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0118
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Chung, Y. H., Beiss, V., Fiering, S. N., & Steinmetz, N. F.. (2020). Covid-19 vaccine frontrunners and their nanotechnology design. ACS Nano

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07197
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Identity politics and SIT (Social Identity Theory)

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Identity politics is a political approach wherein people of a particular race, religion, gender, social background, social class, environmental, or other identifying factors develop political agendas that are based upon these identities. Such groups often have support from allies outside the respective identity groups.

Online resource: plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/

The laden phrase “identity politics” has come to signify a wide range of political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of injustice of members of certain social groups. Rather than organizing solely around belief systems, programmatic manifestos, or party affiliation, identity political formations typically aim to secure the political freedom of a specific constituency marginalized within its larger context. Members of that constituency assert or reclaim ways of understanding their distinctiveness that challenge dominant characterizations, with the goal of greater self-determination.


Further References

Noury, A., & Roland, G.. (2020). Identity Politics and Populism in Europe. Annual Review of Political Science

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-033542
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Sawitri, M. Y., & Wiratmaja, I. N.. (2021). On the brink of post-democracy: Indonesia’s identity politics in the post-truth era. Politicka Misao

Plain numerical DOI: 10.20901/PM.58.2.06
DOI URL
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Moran, M.. (2020). (Un)troubling identity politics: A cultural materialist intervention. European Journal of Social Theory

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1368431018819722
DOI URL
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Béland, D.. (2017). Identity, politics, and public policy. Critical Policy Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/19460171.2016.1159140
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Brunila, K., & Rossi, L. M.. (2018). Identity politics, the ethos of vulnerability, and education. Educational Philosophy and Theory

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/00131857.2017.1343115
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Paul, J.. (2019). ‘Not Black and White, but Black and Red’: Anti-identity identity politics and #AllLivesMatter. Ethnicities

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1468796818791661
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Purdeková, A., & Mwambari, D.. (2022). Post-genocide identity politics and colonial durabilities in Rwanda. Critical African Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2021.1938404
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Lefaan, A.. (2021). Identity Politics And The Future Of Democracy In Papua. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues
Hess, J.. (2019). Singing our own song: Navigating identity politics through activism in music. Research Studies in Music Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1321103X18773094
DOI URL
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Bernstein, M.. (2005). Identity politics. Annual Review of Sociology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100054
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Karakas, L. D., & Mitra, D.. (2021). Electoral competition in the presence of identity politics. Journal of Theoretical Politics

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0951629820984847
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Kumar, A., Elliott-Cooper, A., Iyer, S., & Gebrial, D.. (2018). An introduction to the special issue on identity politics. Historical Materialism

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1163/1569206X-00001776
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Gin, W.. (2021). Divided by Identity on the Left? Partisan Spillover and Identity Politics Alignment. Forum (Germany)

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1515/for-2021-0017
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Bliss, C.. (2013). The Marketization of Identity Politics. Sociology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0038038513495604
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Prieto, M.. (2022). Indigenous Resurgence, Identity Politics, and the Anticommodification of Nature: The Chilean Water Market and the Atacameño People. Annals of the American Association of Geographers

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1937036
DOI URL
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Wilhelmsen, F.. (2021). “The Wife Would Put on a Nice Suit, Hat, and Possibly Gloves”: The Misogynistic Identity Politics of Anders Behring Breivik. Fascism

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1163/22116257-10010003
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Kumar, P.. (2018). Rerouting the Narrative: Mapping the Online Identity Politics of the Tamil and Palestinian Diaspora. Social Media and Society

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/2056305118764429
DOI URL
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Böschen, S., Legris, M., Pfersdorf, S., & Stahl, B. C.. (2020). Identity Politics: Participatory Research and Its Challenges Related to Social and Epistemic Control. Social Epistemology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2019.1706121
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Chubin, F.. (2020). From Empowerment to Advocacy: Innominate Identity Politics as Feminist Advocacy in Iran. International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s10767-019-09339-2
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Vaara, E., Tienari, J., & Koveshnikov, A.. (2021). From Cultural Differences to Identity Politics: A Critical Discursive Approach to National Identity in Multinational Corporations. Journal of Management Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/joms.12517
DOI URL
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Velasco, A.. (2020). Populism and Identity Politics. LSE Public Policy Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.31389/lseppr.1
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Wrenn, M.. (2014). Identity, identity politics, and neoliberalism. Panoeconomicus

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2298/PAN1404503W
DOI URL
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Chaney, S.. (2020). Am I a researcher or a self-harmer? Mental health, objectivity and identity politics in history. Social Theory and Health

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1057/s41285-019-00093-1
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Rafi, M., Purnomo, E. P., & Wicaksono, B.. (2020). Riau Malay Identity Politics. Jurnal Antropologi: Isu-Isu Sosial Budaya

Plain numerical DOI: 10.25077/jantro.v22.n1.p112-120.2020
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Knowles, E. D., Tropp, L. R., & Mogami, M.. (2022). When White Americans see “non-Whites” as a group: Belief in minority collusion and support for White identity politics. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/13684302211030009
DOI URL
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Fenton, J., & Smith, M.. (2019). ‘You Can’t Say That!’: Critical Thinking, Identity Politics, and the Social Work Academy. Societies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/soc9040071
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Pérez, M., & Radi, B.. (2020). Gender punitivism: Queer perspectives on identity politics in criminal justice. Criminology and Criminal Justice

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1748895820941561
DOI URL
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Kabir, N. A.. (2020). Identity Politics in India: Gujarat and Delhi Riots. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/13602004.2020.1813990
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Kaasik-Krogerus, S.. (2020). Identity politics of the promotional videos of the European Heritage Label. Contemporary Politics

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/13569775.2019.1611207
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Lustig, K. C.. (2020). Equal Distribution of Inequality: Totality and the Limits of Identity Politics. Rethinking Marxism

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/08935696.2020.1727259
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Melcher, C. R.. (2021). The political economy of “White Identity Politics”: economic self-interest and perceptions of immigration. Ethnic and Racial Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2020.1730925
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Pap, A. L.. (2021). Neglect, Marginalization, and Abuse: Hate Crime Legislation and Practice in the Labyrinth of Identity Politics, Minority Protection, and Penal Populism. Nationalities Papers

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/nps.2020.21
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Boyer, M. M., Aaldering, L., & Lecheler, S.. (2022). Motivated Reasoning in Identity Politics: Group Status as a Moderator of Political Motivations. Political Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0032321720964667
DOI URL
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Dunn, S.. (2021). Identity politics, justice, and the quest for solidarity. Soundings

Plain numerical DOI: 10.5325/soundings.104.4.0281
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Lim, E.. (2021). Personal Identity Economics: Facebook and the Distortion of Identity Politics. Social Media and Society

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/20563051211017492
DOI URL
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Fukuyama, F.. (2018). Against Identity Politics. Foreign Affairs
Churchwell, S.. (2019). America’s {Original} {Identity} {Politics}. The New York Review of Books
Khedir, H. H.. (2022). Not to mislead peace: on the demise of identity politics in Iraq. Third World Quarterly

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2022.2047919
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Ilmonen, K.. (2019). Identity politics revisited: On Audre Lorde, intersectionality, and mobilizing writing styles. European Journal of Women’s Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1350506817702410
DOI URL
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Rudwick, S.. (2018). Language, Africanisation, and Identity Politics at a South African University. Journal of Language, Identity and Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/15348458.2018.1460207
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Moran, M.. (2018). Identity and identity politics: A cultural-materialist history. Historical Materialism

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1163/1569206X-00001630
DOI URL
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Orjuela, C.. (2014). Corruption and identity politics in divided societies. Third World Quarterly

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2014.921426
DOI URL
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Lim, E.. (2020). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Facebook: Updating Identity Economics. Social Media and Society

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/2056305120910144
DOI URL
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Prianti, D. D.. (2019). The Identity Politics of Masculinity as a Colonial Legacy. Journal of Intercultural Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/07256868.2019.1675612
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Kuhn, T.. (2019). Grand theories of European integration revisited: does identity politics shape the course of European integration?. Journal of European Public Policy

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2019.1622588
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Dotson, K.. (2018). On the way to decolonization in a settler colony: Re-introducing Black feminist identity politics. AlterNative

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1177180118783301
DOI URL
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Borup, J.. (2020). Who owns religion? Intersectionality, identity politics, and cultural appropriation in postglobal buddhism. Numen

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1163/15685276-12341574
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Arrieta Urtizberea, I., Seguí, J., & Roigé, X.. (2020). Folklore, museums and identity politics in Spain: 1931 to present. International Journal of Heritage Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/13527258.2019.1639070
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Guo, D., & Hu, S.. (2019). Identity Politics and Democratic Crisis in Western Europe. Chinese Political Science Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s41111-019-00121-5
DOI URL
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Perry, E., Mandy, W., Hull, L., & Cage, E.. (2022). Understanding Camouflaging as a Response to Autism-Related Stigma: A Social Identity Theory Approach. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04987-w
DOI URL
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Mangum, M., & Block, R.. (2018). Social identity theory and public opinion towards immigration. Social Sciences

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/socsci7030041
DOI URL
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Davis, J. L., Love, T. P., & Fares, P.. (2019). Collective Social Identity: Synthesizing Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory Using Digital Data. Social Psychology Quarterly

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0190272519851025
DOI URL
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Laffan, D. A.. (2021). Positive Psychosocial Outcomes and Fanship in K-Pop Fans: A Social Identity Theory Perspective. Psychological Reports

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0033294120961524
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Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J.. (2000). Identity theory and social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/2695870
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Scheifele, C., Ehrke, F., Viladot, M. A., Van Laar, C., & Steffens, M. C.. (2021). Testing the basic socio-structural assumptions of social identity theory in the gender context: Evidence from correlational studies on women’s leadership. European Journal of Social Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2678
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Paruzel, A., Danel, M., & Maier, G. W.. (2020). Scrutinizing Social Identity Theory in Corporate Social Responsibility: An Experimental Investigation. Frontiers in Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580620
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Jansen, M. M., & Delahaij, R.. (2020). Leadership Acceptance Through the Lens of Social Identity Theory: A Case Study of Military Leadership in Afghanistan. Armed Forces and Society

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0095327X19845027
DOI URL
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Willetts, G., & Clarke, D.. (2014). Constructing nurses’ professional identity through social identity theory. International Journal of Nursing Practice

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/ijn.12108
DOI URL
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Bochatay, N., Bajwa, N. M., Blondon, K. S., Junod Perron, N., Cullati, S., & Nendaz, M. R.. (2019). Exploring group boundaries and conflicts: a social identity theory perspective. Medical Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/medu.13881
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Edwards, C., Edwards, A., Stoll, B., Lin, X., & Massey, N.. (2019). Evaluations of an artificial intelligence instructor’s voice: Social Identity Theory in human-robot interactions. Computers in Human Behavior

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.027
DOI URL
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Awuor, D. C.. (2021). Understanding black-african international students’ experiences in united states colleges and universities through social identity theory. Journal of International Students

Plain numerical DOI: 10.32674/jis.v11i2.2741
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Hogg, M. A., Terry, D. J., & White, K. M.. (1995). A Tale of Two Theories: A Critical Comparison of Identity Theory with Social Identity Theory. Social Psychology Quarterly

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/2787127
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Whitaker, M. C.. (2020). Us and Them: Using Social Identity Theory to Explain and Re-envision Teacher–Student Relationships in Urban Schools. Urban Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s11256-019-00539-w
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Hogg, M. A.. (2001). A social identity theory of leadership. Personality and Social Psychology Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0503_1
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Ambrose, S. C., Matthews, L. M., & Rutherford, B. N.. (2018). Cross-functional teams and social identity theory: A study of sales and operations planning (S&OP). Journal of Business Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.052
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Guan, M., & So, J.. (2016). Influence of Social Identity on Self-Efficacy Beliefs Through Perceived Social Support: A Social Identity Theory Perspective. Communication Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/10510974.2016.1239645
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Hornsey, M. J.. (2008). Social Identity Theory and Self-categorization Theory: A Historical Review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00066.x
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Ferguson, M. A., & Ford, T. E.. (2008). Disparagement humor: A theoretical and empirical review of psychoanalytic, superiority, and social identity theories. Humor

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1515/HUMOR.2008.014
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Huddy, L.. (2001). From social to political identity: A critical examination of social identity theory. Political Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/0162-895X.00230
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Pan, N. D., Gruber, M., & Binder, J.. (2019). Painting with All the Colors: The Value of Social Identity Theory for Understanding Social Entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.5465/amr.2017.0504
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Seering, J., Ng, F., Yao, Z., & Kaufman, G.. (2018). Applications of social identity theory to research and design in social computing. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1145/3274771
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Raskovic, M., & Takacs-Haynes, K.. (2020). (Re)discovering social identity theory: an agenda for multinational enterprise internalization theory. Multinational Business Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1108/MBR-02-2020-0031
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Lam, S. K., Ahearne, M., Hu, Y., & Schillewaert, N.. (2010). Resistance to brand switching when a radically new brand is introduced: A social identity theory perspective. Journal of Marketing

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1509/jmkg.74.6.128
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Baker, C. A.. (2012). Social identity theory and biblical interpretation. Biblical Theology Bulletin

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0146107912452244
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Dr. Herbert Krugman (1969): Watching television induces alpha brain waves (similar to hypnosis)

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  • Consumer Behavior and Advertising Involvement: Selected Works of Herbert E. Krugman (Marketing and Consumer Psychology Series)

This book is an honor to the many important contributions of Herbert Krugman, past president of APA (American Psychological Association), The Division of Consumer Psychology and The Association for Public Opinions Research. This reader contains his selected works in Consumer Behavior and Advertising which combine insights from Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology and Survey Methodology. William Wells, University of Minnesota, has provided the foreword and section overviews for the book which will help it appeal to all academics and students of consumer research.

“The fact that TV is a source not actively or critically attended to was made dramatically evident in the late 1960s by an experiment that rocked the world of political and product advertising and forever changed the ways in which the television medium would be used. The results of the experiment still reverberate through the industry long after its somewhat primitive methods have been perfected.

“In November 1969, a researcher named Herbert Krugman, who later became manager of public-opinion research at General Electric headquarters in Connecticut, decided to try to discover what goes on physiologically in the brain of a person watching TV. He elicited the co-operation of a twenty-two-year-old secretary and taped a single electrode to the back of her head. The wire from this electrode connected to a Grass Model 7 Polygraph, which in turn interfaced with a Honeywell 7600 computer and a CAT 400B computer.

“Flicking on the TV, Krugman began monitoring the brain-waves of the subject What he found through repeated trials was that within about thirty seconds, the brain-waves switched from predominantly beta waves, indicating alert and conscious attention, to predominantly alpha waves, indicating an unfocused, receptive lack of attention: the state of aimless fantasy and daydreaming below the threshold of consciousness. When Krugman’s subject turned to reading through a magazine, beta waves reappeared, indicating that conscious and alert attentiveness had replaced the daydreaming state.

“What surprised Krugman, who had set out to test some McLuhanesque hypotheses about the nature of TV-viewing, was how rapidly the alpha-state emerged. Further research revealed that the brain’s left hemisphere, which processes information logically and analytically, tunes out while the person is watching TV. This tuning-out allows the right hemisphere of the brain, which processes information emotionally and noncritically, to function unimpeded. ‘It appears,’ wrote Krugman in a report of his findings, ‘that the mode of response to television is more or less constant and very different from the response to print. That is, the basic electrical response of the brain is clearly to the medium and not to content difference…. [Television is] a communication medium that effortlessly transmits huge quantities of information not thought about at the time of exposure.’

“Soon, dozens of agencies were engaged in their own research into the television-brain phenomenon and its implications. The findings led to a complete overhaul in the theories, techniques, and practices that had structured the advertising industry and, to an extent, the entire television industry. The key phrase in Krugman’s findings was that TV transmits ‘information not thought about at the time of exposure.'” [p.p. 69-70]

“As Herbert Krugman noted in the research that transformed the industry, we do not consciously or rationally attend to the material resonating with our unconscious depths at the time of transmission. Later, however, when we encounter a store display, or a real-life situation like one in an ad, or a name on a ballot that conjures up our television experience of the candidate, a wealth of associations is triggered. Schwartz explains: ‘The function of a display in the store is to recall the consumer’s experience of the product in the commercial…. You don’t ask for a product: The product asks for you! That is, a person’s recall of a commercial is evoked by the product itself, visible on a shelf or island display, interacting with the stored data in his brain.’ Just as in Julian Jaynes’s ancient cultures, where the internally heard speech of the gods was prompted by props like the corpse of a chieftain or a statue, so, too, our internalized media echoes are triggered by products, props, or situations in the environment.

“As real-life experience is increasingly replaced by the mediated ‘experience’ of television-viewing, it becomes easy for politicians and market-researchers of all sorts to rely on a base of mediated mass experience that can be evoked by appropriate triggers. The TV ‘world’ becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy: the mass mind takes shape, its participants acting according to media-derived impulses and believing them to be their own personal volition arising out of their own desires and needs. In such a situation, whoever controls the screen controls the future, the past, and the present.” [p. 82, Joyce Nelson, THE PERFICT MACHINE; New Society Pub., 1992, 800-253-3605; ISBN 0-86571-235-2
Source: www.modeemi.fi/~no/page24.html


Further References

Krugman, H. E.. (1977). Public Attitudes toward the Apollo Space Program, 1965–1975. Journal of Communication, 27(4), 87–93.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1977.tb01861.x
DOI URL
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Krugman, H. E.. (1964). Some Applications of Pupil Measurement. Journal of Marketing Research, 1(4), 15–19.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/002224376400100402
DOI URL
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Krugman, H. E.. (1966). White and Negro Responses to Package Designs. Journal of Marketing Research, 3(2), 199.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/3150212
DOI URL
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Krugman, H. E.. (1956). An Historical Note on Motivation Research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 20(4), 719.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1086/266673
DOI URL
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Krugman, H. E., & Hartley, E. L.. (1960). The Learning of Tastes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 24(4), 621.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1086/266977
DOI URL
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Krugman, H. E.. (1966). The Measurement of Advertising Involvement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 30(4), 583.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1086/267457
DOI URL
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Krugman, H. E.. (1983). Television program interest and commercial interruption. Journal of Advertising Research
Krugman, H. E.. (1965). The Impact of Television Advertising: Learning Without Involvement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 29(3), 349.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1086/267335
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DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane): An experiment on the masses

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DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) was developed as the first of the modern synthetic insecticides in the 1940s. It was initially used with great effect to combat malaria, typhus, and the other insect-borne human diseases among both military and civilian populations (including “mass-spraying” on children – see video below). Toxicological studies demonstrate that DDT has numerous adverse effects (see references below).

Toxicology vs Virology The Rockefeller Institute and the Criminal Polio Fraud

Further References

Epstein, S. S.. (1972). Letters to the Editor. Science, 177(4047), 388–388.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1126/science.177.4047.388
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Hawkey, A. B., Holloway, Z., Dean, C., Koburov, R., Slotkin, T. A., Seidler, F. J., & Levin, E. D.. (2021). Neurobehavioral anomalies in zebrafish after sequential exposures to DDT and chlorpyrifos in adulthood: Do multiple exposures interact?. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 87, 106985.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.106985
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Krzastek, S. C., Farhi, J., Gray, M., & Smith, R. P.. (2020). Impact of environmental toxin exposure on male fertility potential. Translational Andrology and Urology, 9(6), 2797–2813.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-685
DOI URL
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Russell, P. F.. (1972). DDT Toxicology. Science, 177(4047), 387–388.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1126/science.177.4047.387
DOI URL
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Persson, E. C., Graubard, B. I., Evans, A. A., London, W. T., Weber, J.-P., LeBlanc, A., … McGlynn, K. A.. (2012). Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. International Journal of Cancer, 131(9), 2078–2084.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27459
DOI URL
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Oliver, S. V., & Brooke, B. D.. (2013). The effect of larval nutritional deprivation on the life history and DDT resistance phenotype in laboratory strains of the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis. Malaria Journal, 12(1), 44.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-44
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Turusov, V., Rakitsky, V., & Tomatis, L.. (2002). Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT): ubiquity, persistence, and risks.. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(2), 125–128.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1289/ehp.02110125
DOI URL
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Booij, P., Holoubek, I., Klánová, J., Kohoutek, J., Dvorská, A., Magulová, K., … Čupr, P.. (2016). Current implications of past DDT indoor spraying in Oman. Science of The Total Environment, 550, 231–240.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.044
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Rosner, D., & Markowitz, G.. (2013). Persistent pollutants: A brief history of the discovery of the widespread toxicity of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Environmental Research, 120, 126–133.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.011
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The germ theory of disease: Experiments to determine mode of spread of influenza (Dr. Milton J. Rosenau, 1919)

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ROSENAU, M. J.. (1919). EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE MODE OF SPREAD OF INFLUENZA. Journal of the American Medical Association, 73(5), 311.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1001/jama.1919.02610310005002
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Fulltext: sci-hub.ru/10.1001/jama.1919.02610310005002

Abstract:
The experiments here described were performed on an island in Boston Harbor, on volunteers obtained from the Navy. The work was conducted by a group of officers detailed for that purpose, from the U. S. Navy and the U. S. Public Health Service, consisting of Dr. G. W. McCoy, director of the Hygienic Library, Dr. Joseph Goldberger, Dr. Leake, and Dr. Lake, all on the part of the U. S. Public Health Service; and cooperating with those medical officers, was a group also detailed for this purpose on the part of the U. S. Navy, consisting of Dr. J. J. Keegan, Dr. De Wayne Richey and myself.

The work itself was conducted at Gallops Island, which is the quarantine station of the Port of Boston, and peculiarly well fitted for operations of this kind, serving adequately for the purposes of isolation, observations, and maintenance of the large group of volunteers
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Excerpt:
“The volunteers were all of the most susceptible age, mostly between 18 and 25, only a few of them around 30 years old ; and all were in good physical condition. None of these volunteers, 100 all told in number, had “influenza ;” that is, from the most care¬ ful histories that we could elicit, they gave no account of a febrile attack of any kind during the winter, except a few who were purposely selected, as having shown a typical attack of influenza, in order to test questions of immunity, and for the purpose of control. Now, we proceeded rather cautiously at first by administering a pure culture of bacillus of influenza, Pfeiffer’s bacillus, in a rather moderate amount, into the nostrils of a few of these volunteers. These early experiments I will not stop to relate, but I will go at once to what I may call our Experiment 1.”

***

As the preliminary trials proved negative, we became bolder, and selecting nineteen of our volunteers, gave each one of them a very large quantity of a mixture of thirteen different strains of the Pfeiffer bacillus, some of them obtained recently from the lungs at necropsy; others were subcultures of varying age, and each of the thirteen had, of course, a different history. Suspensions of these organisms were sprayed with an atomi¬ zer into the nose and into the eyes, and back into the throat, while the volunteers were breathing in. We used some billions of these organisms, according to our estimated counts, on each one of the volunteers, but none of them took sick. Then we proceeded to transfer the virus obtained from cases of the disease ; that is, we collected the material and mucous secretions of the mouth and nose and throat and bronchi from cases of the disease and transferred this to our volunteers. We always obtained this material in the same way : The patient with fever, in bed, has a large, shallow, traylike arrangement before him or her, and we washed out one nostril with some sterile salt solution, using perhaps 5 ce., which is allowed to run into this tray ; and that nostril is blown vigorously into the tray. This is repeated with the other nostril. The patient then gargles with some of the solution. Next we obtain some bronchial mucus through coughing, and then we swab the mucous surface of each nares and also the mucous membrane of the throat. We place these swabs with the material in a bottle with glass beads, and add all the material obtained in the tray. This is the stuff we transfer to our volunteers. In this par¬ ticular experiment, in which we used ten volunteers, each of them received a comparatively small quantity of this, about 1 c.c. sprayed into each nostril and into the throat, while inspiring, and on the eye. None of these took sick. Some of the same material was fil¬ tered and instilled into other volunteers but produced no results.

***

Our next experiment consisted in injections of blood. We took five donors, five cases of influenza in the febrile stage, some of them again quite early in the disease. We drew 20 ‘c.c. from the arm vein of each, making a total of 100 c.c, which was mixed and treated with 1 per cent, of sodium citrate. Ten c.c. of the citrated whole blood were injected into each of the ten volunteers. None of them took sick in any way. Then we collected a lot of mucous material from the upper respiratory tract, and filtered ‘ it through Man- dler filters. While these filters will hold back the bacteria of ordinary size, they will allow “ultramicro- scopic” organisms to pass. This filtrate was injected into ten volunteers, each one receiving 3.5 c.c. sub- cutaneously, and none of these took sick in any way.

***

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_J._Rosenau

Eyler, J. M.. (2010). The state of science, microbiology, and vaccines circa 1918. Public Health Reports

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/00333549101250s306
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Excerpt:

“Perhaps the most interesting epidemiological studies conducted during the 1918–1919 pandemic were the human experiments conducted by the Public Health Service and the U.S. Navy under the supervision of Milton Rosenau on Gallops Island, the quarantine station in Boston Harbor, and on Angel Island, its counterpart in San Francisco. The experiment began with 100 volunteers from the Navy who had no history of influenza. Rosenau was the first to report on the experiments conducted at Gallops Island in November and December 1918.69 His first volunteers received first one strain and then several strains of Pfeiffer’s bacillus by spray and swab into their noses and throats and then into their eyes. When that procedure failed to produce disease, others were inoculated with mixtures of other organisms isolated from the throats and noses of influenza patients. Next, some volunteers received injections of blood from influenza patients. Finally, 13 of the volunteers were taken into an influenza ward and exposed to 10 influenza patients each. Each volunteer was to shake hands with each patient, to talk with him at close range, and to permit him to cough directly into his face. None of the volunteers in these experiments developed influenza. Rosenau was clearly puzzled, and he cautioned against drawing conclusions from negative results. He ended his article in JAMA with a telling acknowledgement: “We entered the outbreak with a notion that we knew the cause of the disease, and were quite sure we knew how it was transmitted from person to person. Perhaps, if we have learned anything, it is that we are not quite sure what we know about the disease.”69 (p. 313)

The research conducted at Angel Island and that continued in early 1919 in Boston broadened this research by inoculating with the Mathers streptococcus and by including a search for filter-passing agents, but it produced similar negative results.70–72 It seemed that what was acknowledged to be one of the most contagious of communicable diseases could not be transferred under experimental conditions.”
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862332/