Brain Science from Bench to Battlefield: The Realities – and Risks – of Neuroweapons | CGSR Seminar

Dr. James Giordano: clinicalbioethics.georgetown.edu/jgiordano/
Animated version: cognitive-liberty.online/the-matrix-agent-smith-and-dual-use-neuroscience/

James Giordano, PhD, MPhil, is Chief of the Neuroethics Studies Program, Scholar-in-Residence, leads the Sub-Program in Military Medical Ethics, and Co-director of the O’Neill-Pellegrino Program in Brain Science and Global Health Law and Policy in the Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics; and is Professor in the Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry at Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. He is also Distinguished Visiting Professor of Brain Science, Health Promotions and Ethics at the Coburg University of Applied Sciences, Coburg, Germany, and was formerly 2011-2012 JW Fulbright Foundation Visiting Professor of Neurosciences and Neuroethics at the Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.

Prof. Giordano currently serves as Chair of the Neuroethics Program of the IEEE Brain Project, and an appointed member of the Neuroethics, Legal and Social Issues (NELSI) Advisory Panel of the Defense Advanced Research Projects’ Agency (DARPA). He has previously served as Research Fellow and Task Leader of the EU Human Brain Project Sub-Project on Dual-Use Brain Science; an appointed member of United States Department of Health and Human Services Secretary’s Advisory Council on Human Research Protections (SACHRP); and as Senior Science Advisory Fellow of the Strategic Multilayer Assessment Branch of the Joint Staff of the Pentagon.



Further References

Year Citation Score
2020 DeFranco J, Rhemann M, Giordano J. The Emerging Neurobioeconomy: Implications for National Security. Health Security. 18: 267-277. PMID 32816585 DOI: 10.1089/Hs.2020.0009 0.322
2020 Ramirez-Zamora A, Giordano J, Gunduz A, Alcantara J, Cagle JN, Cernera S, Difuntorum P, Eisinger RS, Gomez J, Long S, Parks B, Wong JK, Chiu S, Patel B, Grill WM, et al. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: Advances in Neurophysiology, Adaptive DBS, Virtual Reality, Neuroethics and Technology. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 14: 54. PMID 32292333 DOI: 10.3389/Fnhum.2020.00054 0.33
2019 Shook JR, Giordano J. Ethical Contexts for the Future of Neuroethics. Ajob Neuroscience. 10: 134-136. PMID 31361203 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2019.1632969 0.328
2018 Giordano J. Looking Ahead: The Importance of Views, Values, and Voices in Neuroethics-Now. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : Cq : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees. 27: 728-731. PMID 30198475 DOI: 10.1017/S096318011800021X 0.355
2017 Kraft CJ, Giordano J. Integrating Brain Science and Law: Neuroscientific Evidence and Legal Perspectives on Protecting Individual Liberties. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 11: 621. PMID 29167633 DOI: 10.3389/Fnins.2017.00621 0.344
2017 Akram F, Giordano J. Research Domain Criteria as Psychiatric Nosology. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : Cq : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees. 26: 592-601. PMID 28937340 DOI: 10.1017/S096318011700010X 0.34
2017 DiEuliis D, Giordano J. Why Gene Editors Like CRISPR/Cas May Be a Game-Changer for Neuroweapons. Health Security. 15: 296-302. PMID 28574731 DOI: 10.1089/Hs.2016.0120 0.336
2017 Becker K, Shook JR, Darragh M, Giordano J. A four-part working bibliography of neuroethics: Part 4 – Ethical issues in clinical and social applications of neuroscience. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine : Pehm. 12: 1. PMID 28569221 DOI: 10.1186/S13010-017-0043-Y 0.371
2017 Giordano J, Bikson M, Kappenman ES, Clark VP, Coslett HB, Hamblin MR, Hamilton R, Jankord R, Kozumbo WJ, McKinley RA, Nitsche MA, Reilly JP, Richardson J, Wurzman R, Calabrese E. Mechanisms and Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Dose-Response : a Publication of International Hormesis Society. 15: 1559325816685467. PMID 28210202 DOI: 10.1177/1559325816685467 0.329
2016 Wurzman R, Yaden D, Giordano J. Neuroscience Fiction as Eidolá: Social Reflection and Neuroethical Obligations in Depictions of Neuroscience in Film. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : Cq : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees. 1-21. PMID 27852344 DOI: 10.1017/S0963180116000578 0.313
2016 Martin A, Becker K, Darragh M, Giordano J. A four-part working bibliography of neuroethics: part 3 – “second tradition neuroethics” – ethical issues in neuroscience. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine : Pehm. 11: 7. PMID 27646569 DOI: 10.1186/S13010-016-0037-1 0.335
2016 Giordano J. Commentary: The Value of Patient Benefit: Consideration of Framing Contingencies to Guide the Ethical Use of DBS-a Case Analysis. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : Cq : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees. 25: 755-8. PMID 27634728 DOI: 10.1017/S0963180116000530 0.317
2016 Shats K, Brindley T, Giordano J. Don’t Ask a Neuroscientist about Phases of the Moon. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : Cq : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees. 25: 712-25. PMID 27634722 DOI: 10.1017/S0963180116000438 0.352
2016 Giordano J. Toward an Operational Neuroethical Risk Analysis and Mitigation Paradigm for Emerging Neuroscience and Technology (NeuroS/T). Experimental Neurology. PMID 27468658 DOI: 10.1016/J.Expneurol.2016.07.016 0.319
2016 Armon E, Kohls NB, Giordano J. On the viability of neurotechnology and mind–body methods in pediatric mental health: Perspectives on integrating new tools to complement old techniques European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 8: 137-140. DOI: 10.1016/J.Eujim.2015.12.011 0.33
2015 Shook JR, Giordano J. Principled research ethics in practice? Reflections for neuroethics and bioethics. Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior. 71: 423-6. PMID 25935658 DOI: 10.1016/J.Cortex.2015.03.017 0.304
2015 Giordano J, Shook JR. Minding Brain Science in Medicine: On the Need for Neuroethical Engagement for Guidance of Neuroscience in Clinical Contexts Ethics in Biology, Engineering and Medicine: An International Journal. 6: 37-41. DOI: 10.1615/Ethicsbiologyengmed.2015015333 0.315
2014 Buniak L, Darragh M, Giordano J. A four-part working bibliography of neuroethics: part 1: overview and reviews–defining and describing the field and its practices. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine : Pehm. 9: 9. PMID 24885037 DOI: 10.1186/1747-5341-9-9 0.344
2014 Loveless SE, Giordano J. Neuroethics, painience, and neurocentric criteria for the moral treatment of animals. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : Cq : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees. 23: 163-72. PMID 24495713 DOI: 10.1017/S0963180113000698 0.322
2014 Giordano J, Kulkarni A, Farwell J. Deliver us from evil? The temptation, realities, and neuroethico-legal issues of employing assessment neurotechnologies in public safety initiatives. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 35: 73-89. PMID 24442931 DOI: 10.1007/S11017-014-9278-4 0.317
2014 Shook JR, Giordano J. A principled and cosmopolitan neuroethics: considerations for international relevance. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine : Pehm. 9: 1. PMID 24387102 DOI: 10.1186/1747-5341-9-1 0.344
2014 Rossi PJ, Okun M, Giordano J. Translational Imperatives in Deep Brain Stimulation Research: Addressing Neuroethical Issues of Consequences and Continuity of Clinical Care Ajob Neuroscience. 5: 46-48. DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2013.863248 0.311
2013 Giordano J. Ethical considerations in the globalization of medicine–an interview with James Giordano. Bmc Medicine. 11: 69. PMID 23496884 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-69 0.307
2013 Giordano J, Rossi PJ, Benedikter R. Addressing the Quantitative and Qualitative: A View to Complementarity—From the Synaptic to the Social Open Journal of Philosophy. 3: 1-5. DOI: 10.4236/Ojpp.2013.34A001 0.358
2013 Rossi PJ, Novotny P, Paulick P, Plischke H, Kohls NB, Giordano J. Decision Technologies in Medical Research and Practice: Practical Considerations, Ethical Implications, and the Need for Dialectic Evaluation Ethics in Biology, Engineering and Medicine. 4: 91-102. DOI: 10.1615/Ethicsbiologyengmed.2013008091 0.305
2013 Giordano J. Unpacking neuroscience and neurotechnology – Instructions not included: Neuroethics required Neuroethics. 6: 411-414. DOI: 10.1007/S12152-011-9150-4 0.373
2012 Kawa S, Giordano J. A brief historicity of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: issues and implications for the future of psychiatric canon and practice. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine : Pehm. 7: 2. PMID 22243976 DOI: 10.1186/1747-5341-7-2 0.331
2011 Jotterand F, Giordano J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation and personal identity: ethical questions, and neuroethical approaches for medical practice. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England). 23: 476-85. PMID 22200137 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2011.616189 0.316
2011 Kohls N, Sauer S, Offenbächer M, Giordano J. Spirituality: an overlooked predictor of placebo effects? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 366: 1838-48. PMID 21576141 DOI: 10.1098/Rstb.2010.0389 0.34
2011 Giordano J, Benedikter R. The shifting architectonics of pain medicine: toward ethical realignment of scientific, medical and market values for the emerging global community–groundwork for policy. Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.). 12: 406-14. PMID 21332927 DOI: 10.1111/J.1526-4637.2011.01055.X 0.335
2010 Benedikter R, Giordano J, Fitzgerald K. The future of the self-image of the human being in the Age of Transhumanism, Neurotechnology and Global Transition Futures. 42: 1102-1109. DOI: 10.1016/J.Futures.2010.08.010 0.313
2010 Giordano J, Hutchison PJ, Benedikter RAJ. Culture, Sustainability, and Medicine in the Twenty-first Century. Re-grounding the Focus of Medicine Amidst the Current “Global Systemic Shift” and the Forces of the Market: Elements for a Contemporary Social Philosophy of Medicine International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society. 23: 29-41. DOI: 10.1007/S10767-009-9085-5 0.313
2009 Giordano J, Akhouri R, McBride D. Implantable nano-neurotechnological devices: consideration of ethical, legal, and social issues and implications. Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants. 19: 83-93. PMID 20402632 DOI: 10.1615/Jlongtermeffmedimplants.V19.I1.80 0.321
2009 Giordano J. Quo vadis? Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine preserving the humanistic character of medicine in a biotechnological future. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine : Pehm. 4: 12. PMID 19682382 DOI: 10.1186/1747-5341-4-12 0.401
2009 Giordano J, Engebretson JC, Benedikter R. Culture, subjectivity, and the ethics of patient-centered pain care. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : Cq : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees. 18: 47-56. PMID 19091145 DOI: 10.1017/S0963180108090087 0.306
2009 Loveless S, Giordano J. Erlebnis, Erwartung und Ethik (Experience, Expectation, and Ethics) Neuroethics. 2: 113-113. DOI: 10.1007/S12152-009-9035-Y 0.359
2008 Giordano J, Ives JA, Jonas WB. Hormetic responses in neural systems: consideration, contexts, and caveats. Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 38: 623-7. PMID 18709570 DOI: 10.1080/10408440802026356 0.31
2008 Giordano J. Complementarity, brain-mind, and pain. Forschende Komplementarmedizin (2006). 15: 71-3. PMID 18496019 DOI: 10.1159/000121106 0.317
2007 Ives JA, Giordano J. Unusual claims, normative process: on the use and stringency of the scientific method. Complementary Medicine Research. 14: 138-139. PMID 17596693 DOI: 10.1159/000103287 0.339
2007 Giordano J, O’Reilly M, Taylor H, Dogra N. Confidentiality and Autonomy: The Challenge(s) of Offering Research Participants a Choice of Disclosing Their Identity Qualitative Health Research. 17: 264-275. PMID 17220396 DOI: 10.1177/1049732306297884 0.331
2006 Giordano J, Engebretson J. Neural and cognitive basis of spiritual experience: biopsychosocial and ethical implications for clinical medicine. Explore (New York, N.Y.). 2: 216-25. PMID 16781644 DOI: 10.1016/J.Explore.2006.02.002 0.339
2005 Giordano J, Engebretson J, Garcia MK. Challenges to complementary and alternative medical research: focal issues influencing integration into a cancer care model. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 4: 210-8. PMID 16113028 DOI: 10.1177/1534735405279179 0.33
2004 Giordano J, Garcia MK, Strickland G. Integrating Chinese traditional medicine into a U.S. public health paradigm Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 10: 706-710. PMID 15353031 DOI: 10.1089/Acm.2004.10.706 0.336
2003 Giordano J, Garcia MK, Boatwright D, Klein K. Complementary and alternative medicine in mainstream public health: A role for research in fostering integration Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 9: 441-445. PMID 12816632 DOI: 10.1089/107555303765551660 0.321

Neuromodulation techniques: A synoptic overview


Peter, N., & Kleinjung, T.. (2019). Neuromodulation for tinnitus treatment: an overview of invasive and non-invasive techniques. Journal of Zhejiang University: Science B

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1631/jzus.B1700117
DOI URL
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Fomenko, A., Neudorfer, C., Dallapiazza, R. F., Kalia, S. K., & Lozano, A. M.. (2018). Low-intensity ultrasound neuromodulation: An overview of mechanisms and emerging human applications. Brain Stimulation

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.08.013
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Brock, D. G., & Demitrack, M. A.. (2014). Therapeutic neuromodulation: Overview of a novel treatment platform. Psychiatric Annals

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20140609-04
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Gunduz, A., & Ruffini, G.. (2018). Editorial overview: Neuromodulation. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.12.001
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Pathak, Y. J., Greenleaf, W., Verhagen Metman, L., Kubben, P., Sarma, S., Pepin, B., … Ross, E.. (2021). Digital Health Integration With Neuromodulation Therapies: The Future of Patient-Centric Innovation in Neuromodulation. Frontiers in Digital Health

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.618959
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Velasco, F.. (2000). Neuromodulation: An overview. Archives of Medical Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/S0188-4409(00)00063-1
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Tanagho, E. A.. (2012). Neuromodulation and neurostimulation: Overview and future potential. Translational Andrology and Urology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2012.01.01
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Kulkarni, S., & Kothari, S.. (2020). Pediatric Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation: An Overview. In Neurology India

Plain numerical DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.302474
DOI URL
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Roy, H., Offiah, I., & Dua, A.. (2018). Neuromodulation for pelvic and urogenital pain. Brain Sciences

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8100180
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N., P., & T., K.. (2019). Neuromodulation for tinnitus treatment: an overview of invasive and non-invasive techniques. Journal of Zhejiang University: Science B
McCormick, D. A., & Nusbaum, M. P.. (2014). Editorial overview: Neuromodulation: Tuning the properties of neurons, networks and behavior. Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.10.010
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Yu, K., Niu, X., & He, B.. (2020). Neuromodulation Management of Chronic Neuropathic Pain in the Central Nervous System. Advanced Functional Materials

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201908999
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(2019). An overview on Neuromodulation. Case Medical Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.31525/cmr-fbd972
DOI URL
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Vanneste, S., & De Ridder, D.. (2012). Noninvasive and invasive neuromodulation for the treatment of tinnitus: An overview. Neuromodulation

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2012.00447.x
DOI URL
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Waldron, N. H., Fudim, M., Mathew, J. P., & Piccini, J. P.. (2019). Neuromodulation for the Treatment of Heart Rhythm Disorders. JACC: Basic to Translational Science

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.02.009
DOI URL
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Luigjes, J., Breteler, R., Vanneste, S., & de Ridder, D.. (2013). [Neuromodulation as an intervention for addiction: overview and future prospects].. Tijdschrift Voor Psychiatrie
Brunoni, A. R., Teng, C. T., Correa, C., Imamura, M., Brasil-Neto, J. P., Boechat, R., … Fregni, F.. (2010). Neuromodulation approaches for the treatment of major depression: Challenges and recommendations from a working group meeting. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282×2010000300021
DOI URL
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Antony, A. B., Mazzola, A. J., Dhaliwal, G. S., & Hunter, C. W.. (2019). Neurostimulation for the treatment of chronic head and facial pain: A literature review. Pain Physician

Plain numerical DOI: 10.36076/ppj/2019.22.447
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Schluter, R. S., Daams, J. G., Van Holst, R. J., & Goudriaan, A. E.. (2018). Effects of non-invasive neuromodulation on executive and other cognitive functions in addictive disorders: A systematic review. Frontiers in Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00642
DOI URL
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Hunter, C. W., Stovall, B., Chen, G., Carlson, J., & Levy, R.. (2018). Anatomy, pathophysiology and interventional therapies for chronic pelvic pain: A review. Pain Physician

Plain numerical DOI: 10.36076/ppj.2018.2.147
DOI URL
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Powell, K., Shah, K., Hao, C., Wu, Y.-C., John, A., Narayan, R. K., & Li, C.. (2019). Neuromodulation as a new avenue for resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock. Bioelectronic Medicine

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1186/s42234-019-0033-z
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Fletcher, N.. (2020). An overview of sacral neuromodulation: A treatment for patients with symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction. British Journal of Nursing

Plain numerical DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2020.29.15.848
DOI URL
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Shin, S. S., & Pelled, G.. (2017). Novel neuromodulation techniques to assess interhemispheric communication in neural injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Frontiers in Neural Circuits

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00015
DOI URL
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Abboud, H., Hill, E., Siddiqui, J., Serra, A., & Walter, B.. (2017). Neuromodulation in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1352458517736150
DOI URL
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Tohyama, S., Walker, M. R., Sammartino, F., Krishna, V., & Hodaie, M.. (2020). The Utility of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Neuromodulation: Moving Beyond Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Neuromodulation

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/ner.13107
DOI URL
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Lakatos, P., Gross, J., & Thut, G.. (2019). A New Unifying Account of the Roles of Neuronal Entrainment. Current Biology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.075
DOI URL
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Vlaicu, A., & Bustuchina Vlaicu, M.. (2020). New neuromodulation techniques for treatment resistant depression. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2020.1728340
DOI URL
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Yang, X., McGlynn, E., Das, R., Paşca, S. P., Cui, B., & Heidari, H.. (2021). Nanotechnology Enables Novel Modalities for Neuromodulation. Advanced Materials

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103208
DOI URL
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Ramirez-Zamora, A., Giordano, J. J., Gunduz, A., Brown, P., Sanchez, J. C., Foote, K. D., … Okun, M. S.. (2018). Evolving applications, technological challenges and future opportunities in neuromodulation: Proceedings of the fifth annual deep brain stimulation think tank. Frontiers in Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00734
DOI URL
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Goudriaan, A. E., & Schluter, R. S.. (2019). Non-invasive Neuromodulation in Problem Gambling: What Are the Odds?. Current Addiction Reports

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00266-y
DOI URL
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Elias, G. J. B., Boutet, A., Parmar, R., Wong, E. H. Y., Germann, J., Loh, A., … Bhat, V.. (2021). Neuromodulatory treatments for psychiatric disease: A comprehensive survey of the clinical trial landscape. Brain Stimulation

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.08.021
DOI URL
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Doshi, P. P., Russo, M., & Doshi, P. K.. (2021). Practice Trends of Neuromodulation Therapies for Pain and Spasticity in India. Neuromodulation

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/ner.13393
DOI URL
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Ward, M., Doran, J., Paskhover, B., & Mammis, A.. (2018). The 50 Most Cited Articles in Invasive Neuromodulation. World Neurosurgery

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.02.170
DOI URL
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Starling, A.. (2018). Noninvasive neuromodulation in migraine and cluster headache. Current Opinion in Neurology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000557
DOI URL
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Senova, S., Fomenko, A., Gondard, E., & Lozano, A. M.. (2020). Anatomy and function of the fornix in the context of its potential as a therapeutic target. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-322375
DOI URL
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Doesborg, P., & Haan, J.. (2018). Cluster headache: New targets and options for treatment. F1000Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13380.1
DOI URL
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Gardner, J.. (2017). Securing a future for responsible neuromodulation in children: The importance of maintaining a broad clinical gaze. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.04.019
DOI URL
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Crockett, M. J., & Fehr, E.. (2014). Social brains on drugs: Tools for neuromodulation in social neuroscience. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst113
DOI URL
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Edwards, C. A., Kouzani, A., Lee, K. H., & Ross, E. K.. (2017). Neurostimulation Devices for the Treatment of Neurologic Disorders. Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.05.005
DOI URL
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Rimmele, F., & Jürgens, T. P.. (2020). Neuromodulation in primary headaches: current evidence and integration into clinical practice. Current Opinion in Neurology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000820
DOI URL
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La Rosa, V. L., Platania, A., Ciebiera, M., Garzon, S., Jȩdra, R., Ponta, M., & Buttice, S.. (2019). A comparison of sacral neuromodulation vs. transvaginal electrical stimulation for the treatment of refractory overactive bladder: The impact on quality of life, body image, sexual function, and emotional well-being. Przeglad Menopauzalny

Plain numerical DOI: 10.5114/pm.2019.86834
DOI URL
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Pericolini, M., Miget, G., Hentzen, C., Finazzi Agrò, E., Chesnel, C., Lagnau, P., … Amarenco, G.. (2021). Cortical, Spinal, Sacral, and Peripheral Neuromodulations as Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Review. Neuromodulation

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/ner.13525
DOI URL
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Pauwels, N., Willemse, C., Hellemans, S., Komen, N., Van den Broeck, S., Roenen, J., … De Schepper, H.. (2021). The role of neuromodulation in chronic functional constipation: A systematic review. Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica

Plain numerical DOI: 10.51821/84.3.012
DOI URL
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Azad, T. D., Veeravagu, A., & Steinberg, G. K.. (2016). Neurorestoration after stroke. Neurosurgical Focus

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3171/2016.2.FOCUS15637
DOI URL
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de Wall, L. L., & Heesakkers, J. P. F. A.. (2017). Effectiveness of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome. Research and Reports in Urology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2147/RRU.S124981
DOI URL
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Ramirez-Zamora, A., Giordano, J., Boyden, E. S., Gradinaru, V., Gunduz, A., Starr, P. A., … Okun, M. S.. (2019). Proceedings of the Sixth Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank Modulation of Brain Networks and Application of Advanced Neuroimaging, Neurophysiology, and Optogenetics. In Frontiers in Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00936
DOI URL
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Klooster, D. C. W., de Louw, A. J. A., Aldenkamp, A. P., Besseling, R. M. H., Mestrom, R. M. C., Carrette, S., … Boon, P.. (2016). Technical aspects of neurostimulation: Focus on equipment, electric field modeling, and stimulation protocols. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.016
DOI URL
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De Ridder, D., Manning, P., Cape, G., Vanneste, S., Langguth, B., & Glue, P.. (2016). Pathophysiology-Based Neuromodulation for Addictions: An Overview. In Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800213-1.00002-X
DOI URL
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Lo, P. A., Huang, K., Zhou, Q., Humayun, M. S., & Yue, L.. (2020). Ultrasonic retinal neuromodulation and acoustic retinal prosthesis. Micromachines

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/mi11100929
DOI URL
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Krauss, J. K., Lipsman, N., Aziz, T., Boutet, A., Brown, P., Chang, J. W., … Lozano, A. M.. (2021). Technology of deep brain stimulation: current status and future directions. Nature Reviews Neurology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-00426-z
DOI URL
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S., V., & D., D. R.. (2012). Noninvasive and invasive neuromodulation for the treatment of tinnitus: An overview. Neuromodulation
Kaczmarek, K. A.. (2017). The Portable Neuromodulation Stimulator (PoNS) for neurorehabilitation. Scientia Iranica

Plain numerical DOI: 10.24200/sci.2017.4489
DOI URL
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Somani, A., & Kar, S. K.. (2019). Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: The evidence thus far. General Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2019-100074
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