Psychological Reactance

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Psychological Reactance is an unpleasant motivational arousal (reaction) to offers, persons, rules, or regulations that threaten or eliminate specific behavioral freedoms. Reactance occurs when a person feels that someone or something is taking away their choices or limiting the range of alternatives.

Psychological Reactance can occur when someone is heavily pressured to accept a certain view or attitude. Reactance can cause the person to adopt or strengthen a view or attitude that is contrary to what was intended, and also increases resistance to persuasion. People using reverse psychology are playing on reactance, attempting to influence someone to choose the opposite of what they request.

Further References

White, T. B., Zahay, D. L., Thorbjørnsen, H., & Shavitt, S.. (2008). Getting too personal: Reactance to highly personalized email solicitations. Marketing Letters, 19(1), 39–50.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s11002-007-9027-9
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Pavey, L., & Sparks, P.. (2009). Reactance, autonomy and paths to persuasion: Examining perceptions of threats to freedom and informational value. Motivation and Emotion, 33(3), 277–290.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s11031-009-9137-1
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Fogarty, J. S.. (1997). Reactance theory and patient noncompliance. Social Science & Medicine, 45(8), 1277–1288.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00055-5
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Beutler, L. E., Harwood, T. M., Michelson, A., Song, X., & Holman, J.. (2011). Resistance/Reactance Level. Journal of Clinical Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20753
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Crawford, M. T., McConnell, A. R., Lewis, A. C., & Sherman, S. J.. (2002). Reactance, compliance, and anticipated regret. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1006/jesp.2001.1481
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Miron, A. M., & Brehm, J. W.. (2006). Reactance Theory – 40 Years Later. Zeitschrift Für Sozialpsychologie, 37(1), 9–18.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1024/0044-3514.37.1.9
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Rains, S. A.. (2013). The Nature of Psychological Reactance Revisited: A Meta-Analytic Review. Human Communication Research, 39(1), 47–73.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01443.x
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Clee, M. A., & Wicklund, R. A.. (2002). Consumer Behavior and Psychological Reactance. Journal of Consumer Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1086/208782
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Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L.. (2005). On the Nature of Reactance and its Role in Persuasive Health Communication. Communication Monographs, 72(2), 144–168.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/03637750500111815
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Torrance, E. P., & Brehm, J. W.. (1968). A Theory of Psychological Reactance. The American Journal of Psychology, 81(1), 133.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/1420824
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Manufacturing consensus

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Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media is a 1988 book by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, in which the authors propose that the mass communication media of the U.S. “are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive propaganda function, by reliance on market forces, internalized assumptions, and self-censorship, and without overt coercion”, by means of the propaganda model of communication. The title derives from the phrase “the manufacture of consent,” employed in the book Public Opinion (1922), by Walter Lippmann (1889–1974).

The book was revised 20 years after its first publication to take account of developments such as the fall of the Soviet Union. There has been debate about how the Internet has changed the public´s access to information since 1988.

More at Wikipedia

“Pantheon books, 1988 the mass media serve as a system for communicating messages and symbols to the general populace. it is their function to amuse, entertain, and inform, and to inculcate individuals with the values, beliefs, and codes of behavior that will integrate them into the institutional structures of the larger society. in a world of concentrated wealth and major conflicts of class interest, to fulfill this role requires systematic propaganda. in countries where the levers of power are in the hands of a state bureaucracy, the monopolistic control over the media, often supplemented by official censorship, makes it clear that the media serve the ends of dominant elite. it is much more difficult to see a propaganda system at work where the media are private and formal censorship is absent. this is especially true where the media actively compete, periodically attack and expose corporate and governmental malfeasance, and aggressively portray themselves as spokesmen for free speech and the general community interest. what is not evident (and remains undiscussed in the media) is the limited nature of such critiques, as well as the huge inequality in command of resources, and its effect both on access to a private media system and on its behavior and performance. a propaganda model focuses on this inequality of wealth and power and its multilevel effects on mass-media interests and choices. it traces the routes by which money and power are able to filter out the news fit to print, marginalize dissent, and allow the government and dominant private interests to get their messages across to the public. the essential ingredients of our propaganda model, or set of news ‘filters,’ fall under the following headings: (i) the size, concentrated ownership, owner wealth, and profit orientation of the dominant mass-media firms; (~) advertising as the primary income source of the mass media; (3) the reliance of the media on information provided by government, business, and ‘experts’ funded and approved by these primary sources and agents of power; (4) ‘flak’ as a means of disciplining the media; and (5) ‘anticommunism’ as a national religion and control mechanism. these elements interact with and reinforce one another. the raw material of news must pass through successive filters, leaving only the cleansed residue fit to print. they fix the premises of discourse and interpretation, and the definition of what is newsworthy in the first place, and they explain the …”

Herman, E. S., & Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, N.. (1988). Manufacturing Consent. News: A Reader

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/3517986
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Comeforo, K.. (2010). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. Global Media and Communication

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1742766510373714
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Burawoy, M.. (1979). Manufacturing Consent. Social Scientist

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/3517986
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Burawoy, M.. (2001). Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process under Monopoly Capitalism. Contemporary Sociology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/3089314
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Borkar, V. S., Karnik, A., Nair, J., & Nalli, S.. (2015). Manufacturing Consent. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1109/TAC.2014.2349591
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Chomsky, E. I. A. S. O. I. I.. (1992). Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media. East
Han, R.. (2015). Manufacturing Consent in Cyberspace :. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/03797720500083443
DOI URL
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Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N.. (1988). Manufacturing Consent, A Propaganda Model. Manufacturing Consent
Burawoy, M.. (2012). Manufacturing Consent revisited. La Nouvelle Revue Du Travail

Plain numerical DOI: 10.4000/nrt.143
DOI URL
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