Peer-reviewed articles

Peters, T.. (2020). The Struggle for Cognitive Liberty: Retrofitting the Self in Activist Theology. Theology and Science

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/14746700.2020.1786219
DOI URL
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Sommaggio, P., Mazzocca, M., Gerola, A., & Ferro, F.. (2017). Cognitive Liberty. A first step towards a human neuro-rights declaration. BioLaw Journal

Plain numerical DOI: 10.15168/blj.v0i3.255
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Weissenbacher, A.. (2018). Defending cognitive liberty in an age of moral engineering. Theology and Science

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/14746700.2018.1488476
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Sommaggio, P., & Mazzocca, M.. (2020). Cognitive liberty and human rights. In Neuroscience and Law: Complicated Crossings and New Perspectives

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38840-9_6
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Ienca, M.. (2017). The Right to Cognitive Liberty. Scientific American

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican0817-10
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Ienca, M., & Andorno, R.. (2017). Towards new human rights in the age of neuroscience and neurotechnology. Life Sciences, Society and Policy

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1186/s40504-017-0050-1
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Walsh, C.. (2010). Drugs and human rights: Private palliatives, sacramental freedoms and cognitive liberty. International Journal of Human Rights

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/13642980802704270
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Kraft, C. J., & Giordano, J.. (2017). Integrating brain science and law: Neuroscientific evidence and legal perspectives on protecting individual liberties. Frontiers in Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00621
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Rainey, S., Martin, S., Christen, A., Mégevand, P., & Fourneret, E.. (2020). Brain Recording, Mind-Reading, and Neurotechnology: Ethical Issues from Consumer Devices to Brain-Based Speech Decoding. Science and Engineering Ethics

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s11948-020-00218-0
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Ienca, M., & Andorno, R.. (2021). Towards new human rights in the age of neuroscience and Neurotechnology. Analisis Filosofico

Plain numerical DOI: 10.36446/AF.2021.386
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Wolpe, P. R.. (2017). Neuroprivacy and cognitive liberty. In The Routledge Handbook of Neuroethics

Plain numerical DOI: 10.4324/9781315708652
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Walsh, C.. (2014). Beyond religious freedom: Psychedelics and cognitive liberty. In Prohibition, Religious Freedom, and Human Rights: Regulating Traditional Drug Use

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40957-8_11
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White, A. E.. (2010). The lie of fMRI: An examination of the ethics of a market in lie detection using functional magnetic resonance imaging. HEC Forum

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s10730-010-9141-6
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Xu, H., & Dinev, T.. (2012). The security-liberty balance: Individuals’ attitudes towards internet government surveillance. Electronic Government

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1504/EG.2012.044778
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Davies, W.. (2017). Elite Power under Advanced Neoliberalism. Theory, Culture & Society

, 34(5–6), 227–250.
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0263276417715072
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Foster, J. B., & Holleman, H.. (2010). The Financial Power Elite. Monthly Review

, 62(1), 1.
Plain numerical DOI: 10.14452/MR-062-01-2010-05_1
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Iyer, R., Koleva, S., Graham, J., Ditto, P., & Haidt, J.. (2012). Understanding libertarian morality: The psychological dispositions of self-identified libertarians. PLoS ONE

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042366
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Boire, R.. (2000). On Cognitive Liberty. In Journal of Cognitive Liberties

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2013.753820
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Ienca, M., & Andorno, R.. (2017). Towards new human rights in the age of neuroscience and neurotechnology. Life Sciences, Society and Policy

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1186/s40504-017-0050-1
DOI URL
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Shanker, S. G.. (2009). Three concepts of liberty. In After Cognitivism: A Reassessment of Cognitive Science and Philosophy

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9992-2_13
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Rindermann, H.. (2012). Intellectual classes, technological progress and economic development: The rise of cognitive capitalism. Personality and Individual Differences

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.001
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SENTENTIA, W.. (2006). Neuroethical Considerations: Cognitive Liberty and Converging Technologies for Improving Human Cognition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1196/annals.1305.014
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Desai, A. C.. (2011). Libertarian Paternalism, Externalities, and the “Spirit of Liberty”: How Thaler and Sunstein Are Nudging Us toward an “Overlapping Consensus”. Law and Social Inquiry, 36(1), 263–295.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4469.2010.01231.x
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Pustilnik, A. C.. (2012). Neurotechnologies at the intersection of criminal procedure and constitutional law. In The Constitution and the Future of Criminal Justice in America

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139108034.011
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Why do the lambs remain silent?

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On democracy, psychology, and the ruling elite’s methods for managing public
opinion as well as public indignation
Mausfeld_Whydothelambsremainsilent_2015

The enemies of freedom

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Aldous Huxley – Brave new world

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X Club

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The X Club was a dining club of nine men who supported the theories of natural selection and academic liberalism in late 19th-century England. Thomas Henry Huxley was the initiator: he called the first meeting for 3 November 1864.[1] The club met in London once a month—except in July, August and September—from November 1864 until March 1893, and its members are believed to have wielded much influence over scientific thought. The members of the club were George Busk, Edward Frankland, Thomas Archer Hirst, Joseph Dalton Hooker, Thomas Henry Huxley, John Lubbock, Herbert Spencer, William Spottiswoode, and John Tyndall, united by a “devotion to science, pure and free, untrammelled by religious dogmas.”[2]

The nine men who would compose the X Club already knew each other well. By the 1860s, friendships had turned the group into a social network, and the men often dined and went on holidays together. After Charles Darwin‘s On the Origin of Species was published in 1859, the men began working together to aid the cause for naturalism and natural history. They backed the liberal Anglican movement that emerged in the early 1860s, and both privately and publicly supported the leaders of the movement.

According to its members, the club was originally started to keep friends from drifting apart, and to partake in scientific discussion free from theological influence. A key aim was to reform the Royal Society, with a view to making the practice of science professional. In the 1870s and 1880s, the members of the group became prominent in the scientific community and some accused the club of having too much power in shaping the scientific landscape of London. The club was terminated in 1893, after depletion by death, and as old age made regular meetings of the surviving members impossible.

Aldous Huxley to George Orwell

Wrightwood. Cal.

21 October, 1949

Dear Mr. Orwell,

It was very kind of you to tell your publishers to send me a copy of your book. It arrived as I was in the midst of a piece of work that required much reading and consulting of references; and since poor sight makes it necessary for me to ration my reading, I had to wait a long time before being able to embark on Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Agreeing with all that the critics have written of it, I need not tell you, yet once more, how fine and how profoundly important the book is. May I speak instead of the thing with which the book deals — the ultimate revolution? The first hints of a philosophy of the ultimate revolution — the revolution which lies beyond politics and economics, and which aims at total subversion of the individual’s psychology and physiology — are to be found in the Marquis de Sade, who regarded himself as the continuator, the consummator, of Robespierre and Babeuf. The philosophy of the ruling minority in Nineteen Eighty-Four is a sadism which has been carried to its logical conclusion by going beyond sex and denying it. Whether in actual fact the policy of the boot-on-the-face can go on indefinitely seems doubtful. My own belief is that the ruling oligarchy will find less arduous and wasteful ways of governing and of satisfying its lust for power, and these ways will resemble those which I described in Brave New World. I have had occasion recently to look into the history of animal magnetism and hypnotism, and have been greatly struck by the way in which, for a hundred and fifty years, the world has refused to take serious cognizance of the discoveries of Mesmer, Braid, Esdaile, and the rest.

Partly because of the prevailing materialism and partly because of prevailing respectability, nineteenth-century philosophers and men of science were not willing to investigate the odder facts of psychology for practical men, such as politicians, soldiers and policemen, to apply in the field of government. Thanks to the voluntary ignorance of our fathers, the advent of the ultimate revolution was delayed for five or six generations. Another lucky accident was Freud’s inability to hypnotize successfully and his consequent disparagement of hypnotism. This delayed the general application of hypnotism to psychiatry for at least forty years. But now psycho-analysis is being combined with hypnosis; and hypnosis has been made easy and indefinitely extensible through the use of barbiturates, which induce a hypnoid and suggestible state in even the most recalcitrant subjects.

Within the next generation I believe that the world’s rulers will discover that infant conditioning and narco-hypnosis are more efficient, as instruments of government, than clubs and prisons, and that the lust for power can be just as completely satisfied by suggesting people into loving their servitude as by flogging and kicking them into obedience. In other words, I feel that the nightmare of Nineteen Eighty-Four is destined to modulate into the nightmare of a world having more resemblance to that which I imagined in Brave New World. The change will be brought about as a result of a felt need for increased efficiency. Meanwhile, of course, there may be a large scale biological and atomic war — in which case we shall have nightmares of other and scarcely imaginable kinds.

Thank you once again for the book.

Yours sincerely,

Aldous Huxley

KUBARK – U.S. Army Torture Manuals

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The U.S. Army and CIA interrogation manuals are seven controversial military training manuals which were declassified by the Pentagon in 1996. In 1997, two additional CIA manuals were declassified in response to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request filed by The Baltimore Sun. The manuals in question have been referred to by various media sources as the “torture manuals”.[2][3][4][5]

nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB27/docs/doc01.pdf

Camp Delta Standard Operating Procedure

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Psychology played an important role in the development of the methodologies. Sensory deprivation is a pivotal field of study in this context (see attached references below).

The Camp Delta Standard Operating Procedures is a document that was written under the authority of Geoffrey D. Miller when he was the officer in charge of Joint Task Force Guantanamo.[1][2] This leaked document was published on WikiLeaks on Wednesday November 7, 2007.

According to Wired magazine, the 238-page document was dated March 28, 2003, and was signed by Miller.[1] Wired reports that the American Civil Liberties Union had requested the release of the document under the Freedom of Information Act in October 2003.

Wired reports that Miller specified four levels of access the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) would be allowed to captives:[1]

  • No Access
  • Visual Access – ICRC can only look at a prisoner’s physical condition.
  • Restricted Access – ICRC representatives can only ask short questions about the prisoner’s health.
  • Unrestricted Access

Wired reports that spokesmen from the Department of Defense declined to comment on the leak.[1] The Associated Press reports that Army Lieutenant Colonel Ed Bush called the manual out-of-date.[2] According to Lieutenant Colonel Bush, AP reports, dogs are no longer used, and the Red Cross is no longer denied access to any of the captives.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Delta_Standard_Operating_Procedures

 

Joint Task Force Guantanamo (JTF-GTMO) standard operating procedures (SOP) for Camp Delta (Guantanamo Bay prison). This is the primary document for the operation of Guantanamo bay, including the securing and treatment of detainees. The document is extensive and includes, in addition to text various forms, identity cards and even Muslim burial instructions. It is signed by Major General Miller, who Donald Rumsfeld later sent to Abu Ghraib to “Gitmoize it”. The document is also the subject of an ongoing legal action between the ACLU, which has been trying to obtain it, and the Department of Defense, which has withheld it in full (see www.aclu.org/pdfs/safefree/20070110/dod_vaughn_r_denied_in_full_section_6_interim.pdf).

wikileaks.org/wiki/Camp_Delta_Standard_Operating_Procedure

hrlibrary.umn.edu/OathBetrayed/sop_2004.pdf

Further References

Merabet, L. B., & Pascual-Leone, A.. (2010). Neural reorganization following sensory loss: The opportunity of change. Nature Reviews Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/nrn2758
DOI URL
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Goel, N., Rao, H., Durmer, J. S., & Dinges, D. F.. (2009). Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation. Seminars in Neurology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1237117
DOI URL
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Zheng, J. J., Li, S. J., Zhang, X. Di, Miao, W. Y., Zhang, D., Yao, H., & Yu, X.. (2014). Oxytocin mediates early experience-dependent cross-modal plasticity in the sensory cortices. Nature Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/nn.3634
DOI URL
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Hofer, S. B., Mrsic-Flogel, T. D., Bonhoeffer, T., & Hübener, M.. (2009). Experience leaves a lasting structural trace in cortical circuits. Nature

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/nature07487
DOI URL
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Lendvai, B., Stern, E. A., Chen, B., & Svoboda, K.. (2000). Experience-dependent plasticity of dendritic spines in the developing rat barrel cortex in vivo. Nature

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/35009107
DOI URL
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Maffei, A., Nataraj, K., Nelson, S. B., & Turrigiano, G. G.. (2006). Potentiation of cortical inhibition by visual deprivation. Nature

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/nature05079
DOI URL
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Margolis, D. J., Lütcke, H., Schulz, K., Haiss, F., Weber, B., Kügler, S., … Helmchen, F.. (2012). Reorganization of cortical population activity imaged throughout long-term sensory deprivation. Nature Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/nn.3240
DOI URL
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Celikel, T., Szostak, V. A., & Feldman, D. E.. (2004). Modulation of spike timing by sensory deprivation during induction of cortical map plasticity. Nature Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/nn1222
DOI URL
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Yashiro, K., Riday, T. T., Condon, K. H., Roberts, A. C., Bernardo, D. R., Prakash, R., … Philpot, B. D.. (2009). Ube3a is required for experience-dependent maturation of the neocortex. Nature Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/nn.2327
DOI URL
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Kral, A., & Sharma, A.. (2012). Developmental neuroplasticity after cochlear implantation. Trends in Neurosciences

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.09.004
DOI URL
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Hooks, B. M., & Chen, C.. (2006). Distinct Roles for Spontaneous and Visual Activity in Remodeling of the Retinogeniculate Synapse. Neuron

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00047
DOI URL
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Zuo, Y., Yang, G., Kwon, E., & Gan, W. B.. (2005). Long-term sensory deprivation prevents dendritic spine loss in primary somatosensory cortex. Nature

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/nature03715
DOI URL
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Hofer, S. B., Mrsic-Flogel, T. D., Bonhoeffer, T., & Hübener, M.. (2006). Prior experience enhances plasticity in adult visual cortex. Nature Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/nn1610
DOI URL
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Keck, T., Keller, G. B., Jacobsen, R. I., Eysel, U. T., Bonhoeffer, T., & Hübener, M.. (2013). Synaptic scaling and homeostatic plasticity in the mouse visual cortex in vivo. Neuron

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.08.018
DOI URL
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Petrus, E., Isaiah, A., Jones, A. P., Li, D., Wang, H., Lee, H. K., & Kanold, P. O.. (2014). Crossmodal Induction of Thalamocortical Potentiation Leads to Enhanced Information Processing in the Auditory Cortex. Neuron

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.11.023
DOI URL
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Makino, H., & Malinow, R.. (2011). Compartmentalized versus global synaptic plasticity on dendrites controlled by experience. Neuron

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.036
DOI URL
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Keck, T., Scheuss, V., Jacobsen, R. I., Wierenga, C. J., Eysel, U. T., Bonhoeffer, T., & Hübener, M.. (2011). Loss of sensory input causes rapid structural changes of inhibitory neurons in adult mouse visual cortex. Neuron

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.034
DOI URL
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Villanueva, M., García, B., Valle, J., Rapún, B., Ruiz De Los Mozos, I., Solano, C., … Lasa, I.. (2018). Sensory deprivation in Staphylococcus aureus. Nature Communications

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02949-y
DOI URL
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Fox, K., & Wong, R. O. L.. (2005). A comparison of experience-dependent plasticity in the visual and somatosensory systems. Neuron

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.013
DOI URL
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Cranin, A. N., & Sher, J.. (1979). Sensory deprivation. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(79)90120-8
DOI URL
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McCurry, C. L., Shepherd, J. D., Tropea, D., Wang, K. H., Bear, M. F., & Sur, M.. (2010). Loss of Arc renders the visual cortex impervious to the effects of sensory experience or deprivation. Nature Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/nn.2508
DOI URL
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“Deep-Interrogation” – A euphemism for torture

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The five techniques (also know as Deep-Interrogation) were illegal interrogation methods which were originally developed by the British military in other operational theatres and then applied to detainees during the Troubles in Northern Ireland. They have been defined as prolonged wall-standing, hooding, subjection to noise, deprivation of sleep, and deprivation of food and drink.[1]

They were first used in Northern Ireland in 1971 as part of Operation Demetrius – the mass arrest and internment (imprisonment without trial) of people suspected of involvement with the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Out of those arrested, fourteen were subjected to a programme of “deep interrogation” using the five techniques. This took place at a secret interrogation centre in Northern Ireland. For seven days, when not being interrogated, the detainees were kept hooded and handcuffed in a cold cell and subjected to a continuous loud hissing noise. Here they were forced to stand in a stress position for many hours and were deprived of sleep, food and drink. They were also repeatedly beaten, and some reported being kicked in the genitals, having their heads banged against walls and being threatened with injections. The effect was prolonged pain, physical and mental exhaustion, severe anxiety, depression, hallucinations, disorientation and repeated loss of consciousness.[2][3] It also resulted in long-term psychological trauma. The fourteen became known as “the Hooded Men” and were the only detainees in Northern Ireland subjected to all five techniques together. Other detainees were subjected to at least one of the five techniques along with other interrogation methods.[4]

In 1976, the European Commission of Human Rights ruled that the five techniques amounted to torture. The case was then referred to the European Court of Human Rights. In 1978 the court ruled that the techniques were “inhuman and degrading” and breached the European Convention on Human Rights, but did not amount to “torture”. In 2014, after new information was uncovered that showed the decision to use methods of torture in Northern Ireland in 1971-1972 had been taken by ministers,[5] the Irish Government asked the European Court of Human Rights to review its judgement and acknowledge the five techniques as torture.

The Court’s ruling that the five techniques did not amount to torture was later cited by the United States and Israel to justify their own interrogation methods,[6] which included the five techniques.[7] British agents also taught the five techniques to the forces of Brazil’s military dictatorship.[8]

During the Iraq War, the illegal use of the five techniques by British soldiers contributed to the death of Baha Mousa.[9][10]

Juridical exceptionalism – The “ticking-bomb argument” in favor of the post hoc justification for violations of fundamental human rights


Further References

Vreeland, J. R.. (2008). Political institutions and human rights: Why dictatorships enter into the United nations convention against torture. International Organization

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/S002081830808003X
DOI URL
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Conrad, C. R., & Moore, W. H.. (2010). What stops the torture?. American Journal of Political Science

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00441.x
DOI URL
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Brecher, B.. (2008). Torture and the Ticking Bomb. Torture and the Ticking Bomb

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/9780470692486
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Lightcap, T.. (2011). The politics of torture. The Politics of Torture

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/2156587216641830
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Rejali, D.. (2011). Torture and Democracy. In Torture: Power, Democracy, and the Human Body

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/00210862.2011.594634
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Sontag, S.. (2004). Regarding The Torture of Others. New York Times Magazine

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1109/ICDAR.2003.1227788
DOI URL
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Ludwig Wittgenstein – Aspect Blindness

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Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. From 1929 to 1947, Wittgenstein taught at the University of Cambridge .More at Wikipedia

“The aspects of things that are most important to us are hidden from us because of their simplicity and familiarity. (One is unable to notice something – because it is always before one’s eyes” (1958, §129)

euppublishing.com/doi/full/10.3366/film.2018.0060

Further References

WITTGENSTEIN, L.. (2013). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus,. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00617.x
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Kripke, S.. (1982). Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language: An Elementary Exposition. Ethics

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1086/292635
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Grayling, A. C.. (2001). Wittgenstein : a very short introduction. Very short introductions

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780192854117.001.0001
DOI URL
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Hamilton, A.. (2017). Ludwig Wittgenstein. In The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Memory

Plain numerical DOI: 10.4324/9781315687315
DOI URL
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Wittgenstein, L.. (1975). On Certainty. Igarss 2014

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Anscombe, G. E. M.. (1995). Ludwig Wittgenstein. Philosophy

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/S003181910006558X
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Das, V.. (1998). Wittgenstein and Anthropology. Annu. Rev. Anthropol

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.27.1.171
DOI URL
directSciHub download

ColivaMc, A.. (1997). Wittgenstein and the Philosophical Investigations. Lingua e Stile

Plain numerical DOI: loc?; alibris; amazon $12; MU ELLIS B3376.W563 P53255 1997
DOI URL
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Hacker, P. M. S.. (2008). Wittgenstein. In The World’s Great Philosophers

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/9780470693704.ch37
DOI URL
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Bloor, D.. (1999). Wittgenstein, Rules and Institutions. International Journal of Philosophical Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.4324/9780203318812
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Sen, A.. (2003). Sraffa, Wittgenstein, and Gramsci. Journal of Economic Literature

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1257/002205103771800022
DOI URL
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Sluga, H., & Stern, D. G.. (2017). Preface to the second edition. The Cambridge Companion to Wittgenstein, Second Edition

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/9781316341285.001
DOI URL
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Wittgenstein, L.. (1965). I: A Lecture on Ethics. The Philosophical Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/2183526
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Wittgenstein, L.. (1958). The Blue and Brown Books. New York

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/2216414
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Wittgenstein, L.. (1984). Zettel. In Werkausgabe in 8 Bänden
Picardi, E.. (1997). Wittgenstein and Quine. Lingua e Stile
Glock, H.-J.. (1996). A Wittgenstein dictionary. The Blackwell philosopher dictionaries

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/b.9780631185376.1996.x
DOI URL
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Schatzki, T. R.. (1996). Social practices: A Wittgensteinian approach to human activity and the social. Review of Metaphysics

Plain numerical DOI: 10.5860/CHOICE.34-3809
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Wittgenstein, L.. (1921). Tractatus Logico Philosophicus. Tractatus Logico Philosophicus Routledge Classics Routledge Classics
Block, N.. (2012). Wittgenstein and qualia. In Reading Putnam

Plain numerical DOI: 10.4324/9780203117095
DOI URL
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McDowell, J.. (1984). Wittgenstein on following a rule. Synthese

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/BF00485246
DOI URL
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John Dewey – Our unfree Press (1961)

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John Dewey was an American philosopher, psychologist, Georgist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. Dewey is one of the primary figures associated with the philosophy of pragmatism and is considered one of the fathers of functional psychology. More at Wikipedia

The only really fundamental approach to the problem is to inquire concerning the necessary effect of the present economic system upon the whole system of publicity; upon the judgment of what news is, upon the selection and elimination of matter that is published, upon the treatment of news in both editorial and news columns. The question, under this mode of approach, is not how many specific abuses there are and how they may be remedied, but how far genuine intellectual freedom and social responsibility are possible on any large scale under the existing economic regime.

Publishers and editors, with their commitments to “the public and social order” of which they are the beneficiaries, will often prove to be among the “chief enemies” of true “liberty of the press,” Dewey continued. It is unreasonable to expect “the managers of this business enterprise to do otherwise than as the leaders and henchmen of big business,” and to “select and treat their special wares from this standpoint.” Insofar as the ideological managers are “giving the public what it `wants’,” that is because of “the effect of the present economic system in generating intellectual indifference and apathy, in creating a demand for distraction and diversion, and almost a love for crime provided it pays” among a public “debauched by the ideal of getting away with whatever it can.”

Related References

dewey