Ebbinghaus illusion

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he Ebbinghaus illusion or Titchener circles is an optical illusion of relative size perception. Named for its discoverer, the German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909), the illusion was popularized in the English-speaking world by Edward B. Titchener in a 1901 textbook of experimental psychology, hence its alternative name.[1] In the best-known version of the illusion, two circles of identical size are placed near to each other, and one is surrounded by large circles while the other is surrounded by small circles. As a result of the juxtaposition of circles, the central circle surrounded by large circles appears smaller than the central circle surrounded by small circles.

Recent work suggests that two other critical factors involved in the perception of the Ebbinghaus illusion are the distance of the surrounding circles from the central circle and the completeness of the annulus, which makes the illusion comparable in nature to the Delboeuf illusion. Regardless of relative size, if the surrounding circles are closer to the central circle, the central circle appears larger and if the surrounding circles are far away, the central circle appears smaller. While the distance variable appears to be an active factor in the perception of relative size, the size of the surrounding circles limits how close they can be to the central circle, resulting in many studies confounding the two variables.[1]


Further References

Franz, V. H., Bülthoff, H. H., & Fahle, M.. (2003). Grasp effects of the Ebbinghaus illusion: Obstacle avoidance is not the explanation. Experimental Brain Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s00221-002-1364-6
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Haffenden, A. M., Schiff, K. C., & Goodale, M. A.. (2001). The dissociation between perception and action in the Ebbinghaus illusion: Nonillusory effects of pictorial cues on grasp. Current Biology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00023-9
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Franz, V. H., & Gegenfurtner, K. R.. (2008). Grasping visual illusions: Consistent data and no dissociation. In Cognitive Neuropsychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/02643290701862449
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Franz, V. H., Gegenfurtner, K. R., Bülthoff, H. H., & Fahle, M.. (2000). Grasping visual illusions: No evidence for a dissociation between perception and action. Psychological Science

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/1467-9280.00209
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Song, C., Schwarzkopf, D. S., & Rees, G.. (2011). Interocular induction of illusory size perception. BMC Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-27
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Doherty, M. J., Campbell, N. M., Tsuji, H., & Phillips, W. A.. (2010). The Ebbinghaus illusion deceives adults but not young children. Developmental Science

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00931.x
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Rose, D., & Bressan, P.. (2002). Going round in circles: Shape effects in the Ebbinghaus illusion. Spatial Vision

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1163/15685680252875165
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de Fockert, J., Davidoff, J., Fagot, J., Parron, C., & Goldstein, J.. (2007). More Accurate Size Contrast Judgments in the Ebbinghaus Illusion by a Remote Culture. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.33.3.738
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Metin, B., & Tavil, A.. (2014). Environmental assessment of external wall cladding construction. Architectural Science Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/00038628.2013.862610
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Parron, C., & Fagot, J.. (2007). Comparison of Grouping Abilities in Humans (Homo sapiens) and Baboons (Papio papio) With the Ebbinghaus Illusion. Journal of Comparative Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.121.4.405
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Franz, V. H.. (2003). Planning versus online control: Dynamic illusion effects in grasping?. Spatial Vision

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1163/156856803322467491
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Vishton, P. M., Stephens, N. J., Nelson, L. A., Morra, S. E., Brunick, K. L., & Stevens, J. A.. (2007). Planning to reach for an object changes how the reacher perceives it. Psychological Science

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01965.x
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Plodowski, A., & Jackson, S. R.. (2001). Vision: Getting to grips with the Ebbinghaus illusion. Current Biology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00170-1
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Kopiske, K. K., Bruno, N., Hesse, C., Schenk, T., & Franz, V. H.. (2016). The functional subdivision of the visual brain: Is there a real illusion effect on action? A multi-lab replication study. Cortex

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.020
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Nakamura, N., Watanabe, S., & Fujita, K.. (2008). Pigeons perceive the Ebbinghaus-Titchener circles as an assimilation illusion.. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1037/0097-7403.34.3.375
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Danckert, J. A., Sharif, N., Haffenden, A. M., Schiff, K. C., & Goodale, M. A.. (2002). A temporal analysis of grasping in the Ebbinghaus illusion: Planning versus online control. Experimental Brain Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s00221-002-1073-1
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Pickett, C. L.. (2001). The effects of entitativity beliefs on implicit comparisons between group members. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0146167201275001
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Haffenden, A. M., & Goodale, M. A.. (1998). The effect of pictorial illusion on prehension and perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1162/089892998563824
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Sovrano, V. A., Albertazzi, L., & Rosa Salva, O.. (2014). The Ebbinghaus illusion in a fish (Xenotoca eiseni). Animal Cognition

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s10071-014-0821-5
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Glover, S., & Dixon, P.. (2002). Dynamic effects of the Ebbinghaus illusion in grasping: Support for a planning/control model of action. Perception and Psychophysics

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3758/BF03195791
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Káldy, Z., & Kovács, I.. (2003). Visual context integration is not fully developed in 4-year-old children. Perception

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1068/p3473
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Byosiere, S. E., Feng, L. C., Woodhead, J. K., Rutter, N. J., Chouinard, P. A., Howell, T. J., & Bennett, P. C.. (2017). Visual perception in domestic dogs: susceptibility to the Ebbinghaus–Titchener and Delboeuf illusions. Animal Cognition

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s10071-016-1067-1
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Duemmler, T., Franz, V. H., Jovanovic, B., & Schwarzer, G.. (2008). Effects of the Ebbinghaus illusion on children’s perception and grasping. Experimental Brain Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s00221-007-1229-0
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Massaro, D. W., & Anderson, N. H.. (1971). Judgmental model of the Ebbinghaus illusion. Journal of Experimental Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1037/h0031158
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Roberts, B., Harris, M. G., & Yates, T. A.. (2005). The roles of inducer size and distance in the Ebbinghaus illusion (Titchener circles). Perception

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1068/p5273
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Lumen naturale

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The natural ability to understand – to shine light on things – a natural light within.
“Lumen naturale” is a Latin term that translates to “natural light.” In the context of the Enlightenment, philosophers often used this concept to represent reason and knowledge that comes from nature and human intellect rather than relying solely on religious or traditional authorities.

Enlightenment thinkers believed in the power of reason and rationality to discover truths about the world. They saw the human mind as capable of understanding and improving society through the application of logic and scientific inquiry. The term “lumen naturale” reflects the idea that there is an inherent, natural capacity for humans to gain knowledge and insight through reason, independent of divine revelation.

This concept played a significant role in shaping the intellectual landscape of the Enlightenment, emphasizing the importance of human agency and critical thinking in the pursuit of knowledge and progress.


Further References

Jacquette, D.. (1996). Descartes’ Lumen Naturale and the Cartesian Circle. Philosophy and Theology, 9(3), 273–320.

→ Alphanumerical DOI: 10.5840/philtheol199693/41 • DOI URL • Download via SciHub • Translation • Forward • Format • BibTeX • Citation Network Graph • Scite AI

“The author argues that descartes is not trapped inside the cartesian circle. the essay rehearses descartes’ argument against the ‘evil demon’ hypothesis. the so-called cartesian circle is described and some of the most prominent discussions of the problem are evaluated. such arguments tend either to leave descartes in the circle, or themselves depend upon distinctions that in the end lead to descartes claiming something less than metaphysical certainty for his system. the author argues that descartes’ real archimedian point is the light of nature, and that his project is to extend the certainty of the light of nature to those ideas which are clear and distinct. using this interpretation of descartes, the author returns to the accounts of the critics to account for their mischaracterization of descartes’ reasoning as circular.”
Apel, M.. (1950). Lagarde, Paul Anton de– lumen naturale. In Philosophisches Wörterbuch (pp. 151–157). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter

→ Alphanumerical DOI: 10.1515/9783111380001-012 • DOI URL • Download via SciHub • Forward • Format • BibTeX • Citation Network Graph • Scite AI

Opahle, O.. (1952). Die Lehre vom „lumen naturale“ in ihrer Bedeutung für die Pädagogik. Vierteljahrsschrift Für Wissenschaftliche Pädagogik, 28(2), 115–124.

→ Alphanumerical DOI: 10.30965/25890581-02802005 • DOI URL • Download via SciHub • Forward • Format • BibTeX • Citation Network Graph • Scite AI

Structural violence

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Structural violence is a term commonly ascribed to Johan Galtung, which he introduced in the article “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research” (1969). It refers to a form of violence wherein some social structure or social institution may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs. Institutionalized adultism, ageism, classism, elitism, ethnocentrism, nationalism, speciesism, racism, and sexism are some examples of structural violence as proposed by Galtung.[2][3] According to Galtung, rather than conveying a physical image, structural violence is an “avoidable impairment of fundamental human needs”.[4] As it is avoidable, structural violence is a high cause of premature death and unnecessary disability. Because structural violence affects people differently in various social structures, it is very closely linked to social injustice.[5] Structural violence and direct violence are said to be highly interdependent, including family violence, gender violence, hate crimes, racial violence, police violence, state violence, terrorism, and war.

Farmer, P.. (2004). An Anthropology of Structural Violence. Current Anthropology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1086/382250
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Farmer, P. E., Nizeye, B., Stulac, S., & Keshavjee, S.. (2006). Structural violence and clinical medicine. PLoS Medicine

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030449
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Galtung, J.. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/002234336900600301
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Farmer, P.. (2015). On Suffering and Structural Violence : A View from Below. Daedalus

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1353/rac.0.0025
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Kelly, B. D.. (2005). Structural violence and schizophrenia. Social Science and Medicine

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.12.020
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Weigert, K. M.. (2010). Structural Violence. In Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/B978-012373985-8.00169-0
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Gupta, A.. (2013). Structural violence and politics. Economy and Society

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/03085147.2013.843914
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Ho, K.. (2007). Structural Violence as a Human Rights Violation. Essex Human Rights Review
Sokoloff, N. J., & Dupont, I.. (2005). Domestic violence at the intersections of race, class, and gender: Challenges and contributions to understanding violence against marginalized women in diverse communities. Violence Against Women

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1077801204271476
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Kumar, S.. (2015). Red tape: bureaucracy, structural violence, and poverty in India. The Journal of Peasant Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2015.1006456
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Ferguson, C. J., Rueda, S. M., Cruz, A. M., Ferguson, D. E., Fritz, S., & Smith, S. M.. (2008). Violent video games and aggression: Causal relationship or byproduct of family violence and intrinsic violence motivation?. Criminal Justice and Behavior

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0093854807311719
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Freenom world anonymous DNS resolver

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Configuration instructions: www.freenom.world/en/free-my-device.html

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Plato’s Allegory of the Cave

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Barack Obama – Freedom is not free

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Ramstein: US military bases in Germany

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www.ramstein.af.mil/
militarybases.com/overseas/germany/
References

Vine, D.. (2015). The United States Probably Has More Foreign Military Bases Than Any Other People, Nation, or Empire in History. The Nation
Scahill, J.. (2015). Germany is the Tell-Tale Heart of America’s Drone War. The Intercept

Edward Snowden

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Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion

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The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (Russian: Протоколы сионских мудрецов) or The Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion is an antisemitic fabricated text purporting to describe a Jewish plan for global domination. The hoax, which was shown to be plagiarized from several earlier sources, some not antisemitic in nature,[1] was first published in Russia in 1903, translated into multiple languages, and disseminated internationally in the early part of the 20th century. According to the claims made by some of its publishers, the Protocols are the minutes of a late 19th-century meeting where Jewish leaders discussed their goal of global Jewish hegemony by subverting the morals of Gentiles, and by controlling the press and the world’s economies.

Henry Ford funded printing of 500,000 copies that were distributed throughout the United States in the 1920s. The Nazis sometimes used the Protocols as propaganda against Jews; it was assigned by some German teachers, as if factual, to be read by German schoolchildren after the Nazis came to power in 1933,[2] despite having been exposed as fraudulent by The Times of London in 1921. It is still widely available today in numerous languages, in print and on the Internet, and continues to be presented by some proponents as a genuine document.

The Protocols also became a part of the Nazi propaganda effort to justify persecution of the Jews. In The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry 1933–1945, Nora Levin states that “Hitler used the Protocols as a manual in his war to exterminate the Jews”:

Despite conclusive proof that the Protocols were a gross forgery, they had sensational popularity and large sales in the 1920s and 1930s. They were translated into every language of Europe and sold widely in Arab lands, the US, and England. But it was in Germany after World War I that they had their greatest success. There they were used to explain all of the disasters that had befallen the country: the defeat in the war, the hunger, the destructive inflation.[78]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion

Marsden, V. E.. (1922). The protocols of the meeting of the learned elders of zion. New York
Bali, R. N.. (2012). The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in Turkey. In The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Century-Old Myth

Plain numerical DOI: 10.4324/9780203814291
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Bytwerk, R. L.. (2015). Believing in “inner Truth”: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in Nazi Propaganda, 1933-1945. Holocaust and Genocide Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1093/hgs/dcv024
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Webman, E.. (2012). The global impact of the protocols of the elders of zion: A century-old myth. The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Century-Old Myth

Plain numerical DOI: 10.4324/9780203814291
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Greene, D.. (2007). The Plot: The Secret Story of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Shofar