Walter Lippmann

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Walter Lippmann
Walter Lippmann was an American writer, reporter, and political commentator famous for being among the first to introduce the concept of Cold War, coining the term “stereotype” in the modern psychological meaning, and critiquing media and democracy in his newspaper column and several books, most notably his 1922 book Public Opinion.More at Wikipedia

“That the manufacture of consent is capable of great refinements no one, I think, denies. The process by which public opinions arise is certainly no less intricate than it has appeared in these pages, and the opportunities for manipulation open to anyone who understands the process are plain enough. . . . [a]s a result of psychological research, coupled with the modern means of communication, the practice of democracy has turned a corner. A revolution is taking place, infinitely more significant than any shifting of economic power…. Under the impact of propaganda, not necessarily in the sinister meaning of the word alone, the old constants of our thinking have become variables. It is no longer possible, for example, to believe in the original dogma of democracy; that the knowledge needed for the management of human affairs comes up spontaneously from the human heart. Where we act on that theory we expose ourselves to self-deception, and to forms of persuasion that we cannot verify. It has been demonstrated that we cannot rely upon intuition, conscience, or the accidents of casual opinion if we are to deal with the world beyond our reach. …  The public must be put in its place, so that each of us may live free of the trampling and roar of a bewildered herd.” (Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion, Chapter XV)

  • Lippmann, W. (1920). Liberty and the News. Museum.
  • Lippmann, W. (1970). The Phantom Public. Politics.
Lippmann, W.. (1970). The Phantom Public. Politics

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/00150190600716804
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Schudson, M.. (2008). The “Lippmann-Dewey Debate” and the Invention of Walter Lippmann as an Anti-Democrat 1986–1996. International Journal of Communication

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1159/000111495
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Obar, J. A.. (2013). Big Data and The Phantom Public: Walter Lippmann and the Fallacy of Data Privacy Self-Management. SSRN

doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2239188

Bybee, C.. (1999). Can Democracy Survive in the Post-Factual Age?: A Return to the Lippmann-Dewey Debate about the Politics of News. Journalism and Communication Monographs

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/152263799900100103
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Lippmann, W.. (1987). The Cold War. Foreign Affairs

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Lippmann, W.. (1955). Essays in the Public Philosophy. Mentor books

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
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Lippmann, W.. (1920). Liberty and the News. Museum

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
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Newman, L. S.. (2009). WAS WALTER LIPPMANN INTERESTED IN STEREOTYPING?: Public Opinion and Cognitive Social Psychology. History of Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1037/a0015230
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Edwards Bernays

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Show German translation of the book

Further References

Bernays, E.. (1961). Crystallizing public opinion. Liveright Publishing Corporation

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/S0168-583X(03)01015-2
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Bernays, E. L.. (1947). The Engineering of Consent. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/000271624725000116
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Jansen, S. C.. (2013). Semantic Tyranny: How Edward L. Bernays Stole Walter Lippmann’s Mojo and Got Away With It and Why It Still Matters. International Journal of Communication

Plain numerical DOI: 20130005
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Hogan, J. M., & Cutlip, S. M.. (1996). The Unseen Power: Public Relations; A History.. The American Historical Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/2170587
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L’Etang, J.. (1999). The father of spin: Edward L. Bernays and the birth of public relations. Public Relations Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/S0363-8111(99)80133-7
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Bernays, E. L.. (1928). Manipulating Public Opinion: The Why and The How. American Journal of Sociology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1086/214599
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Bernays, E. L.. (1935). Molding Public Opinion. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/3391210
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García, C.. (2015). Searching for Benedict de Spinoza in the history of communication: His influence on Walter Lippmann and Edward Bernays. Public Relations Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.01.003
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Bernays, E. L.. (1942). The Marketing of National Policies: A Study of War Propaganda. Journal of Marketing

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/1245869
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Bernays, E. L.. (1971). Emergence of the Public Relations Counsel: Principles and Recollections. Business History Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/3113663
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Alarcón Coka, D.. (2012). Edward Bernays, psicología de Sigmund Freud aplicada a la mente del consumidor. Biblioteca Repositrio Universal
Fröhlich, R.. (2015). Zur Problematik der PR-Definition(en). In Handbuch der Public Relations

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/978-3-531-18917-8_8
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Bernays, E. L.. (1975). Social responsibility of business. Public Relations Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/S0363-8111(75)80002-6
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Justman, S.. (1994). Freud and His Nephew. Social Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.5465/AMBPP.2018.17743symposium
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Murphree, V.. (2015). Edward Bernays’s 1929 “Torches of Freedom” march: Myths and historical significance. American Journalism

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/08821127.2015.1064681
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García, C., Roosevelt, T., Wilson, W., & Kennedy, J. F.. (2010). Rethinking Walter Lippmann ’ s legacy in the history of public relations. PRism
Rodgers, R. R.. (2010). The press and public relations through the lens of the periodicals, 1890-1930. Public Relations Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.10.012
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Manufacturing consent

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Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media is a book written by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, in which the authors propose that the mass communication media of the U.S. “are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive propaganda function, by reliance on market forces, internalized assumptions, and self-censorship, and without overt coercion”, by means of the propaganda model of communication.[1] The title derives from the phrase “the manufacture of consent,” employed in the book Public Opinion (1922), by Walter Lippmann (1889–1974).[2]

The book was first published in 1988 and was revised 20 years later to take account of developments such as the fall of the Soviet Union. There has been debate about how the internet has changed the public´s access to information since 1988.

Chomsky & Herman propaganda model

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The propaganda model is a conceptual model in political economy advanced by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky to explain how propaganda and systemic biases function in corporate mass media. The model seeks to explain how populations are manipulated and how consent for economic, social, and political policies is “manufactured” in the public mind due to this propaganda. The theory posits that the way in which corporate media is structured (e.g. through advertising, concentration of media ownership, government sourcing) creates an inherent conflict of interest that acts as propaganda for undemocratic forces.

https://archive.org/download/manufacturing_consent/Noam_Chomsky-Manufacturing_Consent_512kb.mp4

The book begins with the following quotation by John Milton:

They who have put out the people’s eyes, reproach them of their blindness.
~ John Milton

First presented in their 1988 book Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, the propaganda model views private media as businesses interested in the sale of a product—readers and audiences—to other businesses (advertisers) rather than that of quality news to the public. Describing the media’s “societal purpose”, Chomsky writes, “… the study of institutions and how they function must be scrupulously ignored, apart from fringe elements or a relatively obscure scholarly literature”.[1] The theory postulates five general classes of “filters” that determine the type of news that is presented in news media. These five classes are: Ownership of the medium, Medium’s funding sources, Sourcing, Flak, and Anti-communism or “fear ideology”.

The first three are generally regarded by the authors as being the most important. In versions published after the 9/11 attacks on the United States in 2001, Chomsky and Herman updated the fifth prong to instead refer to the “War on Terror” and “counter-terrorism”, although they state that it operates in much the same manner.

Although the model was based mainly on the characterization of United States media, Chomsky and Herman believe the theory is equally applicable to any country that shares the basic economic structure and organizing principles that the model postulates as the cause of media biases.


Further References

Herman, E. S.. (2000). The Propaganda Model: a retrospective. Journalism Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/146167000361195
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Herman, Edward S., & Chomsky, N.. (2002). A Propaganda Model. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of The Mass Media

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/2074220
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Chomsky, N.. (2002). An Exchange on Manufacturing Consent. I Can

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Herman, E.. (1996). The Propaganda Model Revisited. Monthly Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.14452/MR-069-08-2018-01_4
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Klaehn, J.. (2002). A critical review and assessment of Herman and Chomsky’s “propaganda model”. European Journal of Communication

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0267323102017002691
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Herman, E.. (2000). The Propaganda Model. Journalism Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.4135/9781412972024.n2025
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Fleming, P., & Oswick, C.. (2014). Educating consent? A conversation with Noam Chomsky on the university and business school education. Organization

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1350508413514748
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Entman, R. M.. (1990). News as propaganda. Journal of Communication

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1990.tb02256.x
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Klaehn, J.. (2002). Corporate hegemony: A Critical Assessment of the Globe and Mail’s News Coverage of Near-Genocide in Occupied East Timor 1975–80. Gazette

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/174804850206400401
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Academic freedom

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Kubara, M.. (1996). Academic freedom. Interchange

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/BF01807291
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Macintyre, S. F.. (2010). Academic freedom. In International Encyclopedia of Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.00835-6
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Aghion, P., Dewatripont, M., & Stein, J. C.. (2008). Academic freedom, private-sector focus, and the process of innovation. RAND Journal of Economics

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-2171.2008.00031.x
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Academic and Professional Freedom. (1969). British Medical Journal

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1136/bmj.4.5680.379
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Philip G . Altbach. (2001). Academic Freedom : International Realities and Challenges. Higher Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1023/a:1026791518365
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Hill, H. H.. (1955). Academic Freedom and Responsibility. Peabody Journal of Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/01619565509536615
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Butler, J.. (2011). Critique, dissent, disciplinarity. In Conceptions of Critique in Modern and Contemporary Philosophy

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1057/9780230357006
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Giroux, H. A.. (2006). Academic Freedom Under Fire: The Case for Critical Pedagogy. College Literature

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1353/lit.2006.0051
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Davies, M.. (2015). Academic freedom: a lawyer’s perspective. Higher Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s10734-015-9884-8
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Sadler, D. R.. (2011). Academic freedom, achievement standards and professional identity. Quality in Higher Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/13538322.2011.554639
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Washburn, J.. (2011). Academic freedom and the corporate university. Academe

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/03098269208709181
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Aarrevaara, T.. (2010). Academic freedom in a changing academic world. European Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/S1062798709990317
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Brown, R. S., & Kurland, J. E.. (2014). Academic Tenure and Academic Freedom. Law and Contemporary Problems

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/1191800
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Karran, T.. (2009). Academic freedom in Europe: Time for a Magna Charta?. Higher Education Policy

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1057/hep.2009.2
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Thomas, N.. (2010). The politics of academic freedom. New Directions for Higher Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/he.416
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EU Copyright Directive

See also: YouTube warns -> #Saveyourinternet

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Directive

Commission staff working document: “On the modernisation of EU copyright rules” (leaked document)
 

 

 

 

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