Chomsky & Herman propaganda model

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The propaganda model is a conceptual model in political economy advanced by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky to explain how propaganda and systemic biases function in corporate mass media. The model seeks to explain how populations are manipulated and how consent for economic, social, and political policies is “manufactured” in the public mind due to this propaganda. The theory posits that the way in which corporate media is structured (e.g. through advertising, concentration of media ownership, government sourcing) creates an inherent conflict of interest that acts as propaganda for undemocratic forces.

https://archive.org/download/manufacturing_consent/Noam_Chomsky-Manufacturing_Consent_512kb.mp4

The book begins with the following quotation by John Milton:

They who have put out the people’s eyes, reproach them of their blindness.
~ John Milton

First presented in their 1988 book Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, the propaganda model views private media as businesses interested in the sale of a product—readers and audiences—to other businesses (advertisers) rather than that of quality news to the public. Describing the media’s “societal purpose”, Chomsky writes, “… the study of institutions and how they function must be scrupulously ignored, apart from fringe elements or a relatively obscure scholarly literature”.[1] The theory postulates five general classes of “filters” that determine the type of news that is presented in news media. These five classes are: Ownership of the medium, Medium’s funding sources, Sourcing, Flak, and Anti-communism or “fear ideology”.

The first three are generally regarded by the authors as being the most important. In versions published after the 9/11 attacks on the United States in 2001, Chomsky and Herman updated the fifth prong to instead refer to the “War on Terror” and “counter-terrorism”, although they state that it operates in much the same manner.

Although the model was based mainly on the characterization of United States media, Chomsky and Herman believe the theory is equally applicable to any country that shares the basic economic structure and organizing principles that the model postulates as the cause of media biases.


Further References

Herman, E. S.. (2000). The Propaganda Model: a retrospective. Journalism Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/146167000361195
DOI URL
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Herman, Edward S., & Chomsky, N.. (2002). A Propaganda Model. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of The Mass Media

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/2074220
DOI URL
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Chomsky, N.. (2002). An Exchange on Manufacturing Consent. I Can

Plain numerical DOI:
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Herman, E.. (1996). The Propaganda Model Revisited. Monthly Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.14452/MR-069-08-2018-01_4
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Klaehn, J.. (2002). A critical review and assessment of Herman and Chomsky’s “propaganda model”. European Journal of Communication

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0267323102017002691
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Herman, E.. (2000). The Propaganda Model. Journalism Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.4135/9781412972024.n2025
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Fleming, P., & Oswick, C.. (2014). Educating consent? A conversation with Noam Chomsky on the university and business school education. Organization

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1350508413514748
DOI URL
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Entman, R. M.. (1990). News as propaganda. Journal of Communication

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1990.tb02256.x
DOI URL
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Klaehn, J.. (2002). Corporate hegemony: A Critical Assessment of the Globe and Mail’s News Coverage of Near-Genocide in Occupied East Timor 1975–80. Gazette

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/174804850206400401
DOI URL
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Academic freedom

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Kubara, M.. (1996). Academic freedom. Interchange

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/BF01807291
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Macintyre, S. F.. (2010). Academic freedom. In International Encyclopedia of Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.00835-6
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Aghion, P., Dewatripont, M., & Stein, J. C.. (2008). Academic freedom, private-sector focus, and the process of innovation. RAND Journal of Economics

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-2171.2008.00031.x
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Academic and Professional Freedom. (1969). British Medical Journal

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1136/bmj.4.5680.379
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Philip G . Altbach. (2001). Academic Freedom : International Realities and Challenges. Higher Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1023/a:1026791518365
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Hill, H. H.. (1955). Academic Freedom and Responsibility. Peabody Journal of Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/01619565509536615
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Butler, J.. (2011). Critique, dissent, disciplinarity. In Conceptions of Critique in Modern and Contemporary Philosophy

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1057/9780230357006
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Giroux, H. A.. (2006). Academic Freedom Under Fire: The Case for Critical Pedagogy. College Literature

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1353/lit.2006.0051
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Davies, M.. (2015). Academic freedom: a lawyer’s perspective. Higher Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s10734-015-9884-8
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Sadler, D. R.. (2011). Academic freedom, achievement standards and professional identity. Quality in Higher Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/13538322.2011.554639
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Washburn, J.. (2011). Academic freedom and the corporate university. Academe

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/03098269208709181
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Aarrevaara, T.. (2010). Academic freedom in a changing academic world. European Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/S1062798709990317
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Brown, R. S., & Kurland, J. E.. (2014). Academic Tenure and Academic Freedom. Law and Contemporary Problems

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2307/1191800
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Karran, T.. (2009). Academic freedom in Europe: Time for a Magna Charta?. Higher Education Policy

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1057/hep.2009.2
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Thomas, N.. (2010). The politics of academic freedom. New Directions for Higher Education

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/he.416
DOI URL
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