Harold Pinter – Nobel Lecture

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References

Steven H., G.. (1975). Harold Pinter. Notes and Queries

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1093/nq/22-6-269
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Chui, J. W. Y.. (2013). Affirming the absurd in harold pinter. Affirming the Absurd in Harold Pinter

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1057/9781137343079
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Marowitz, C., & Trussler, S.. (2009). Harold Pinter, 1930–2008. New Theatre Quarterly

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/S0266464X09000013
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Banerjee, A.. (2008). Life and Work of Harold Pinter. English Studies

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/00138380802253030
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Cohen, J.. (2009). Truth and public reason. Philosophy and Public Affairs

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Benet, C.. (2009). In a room with Harold Pinter. Contemporary Theatre Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/10486800902815591
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Raby, P.. (2009). The Cambridge Companion to Harold Pinter, Second edition. The Cambridge Companion to Harold Pinter, Second Edition

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/CCOL9780521886093
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Hall, P.. (2009). Directing the plays of Harold Pinter. In The Cambridge Companion to Harold Pinter, Second Edition

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/CCOL9780521886093.011
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Germanou, M.. (2013). “The dead are still looking at us”: Harold Pinter, the spectral face, and human rights. New Theatre Quarterly

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/S0266464X13000687
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Pictorial sedation for the public mind: Merkel & Obama at G7

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A picture speaks more than thousand words – especially when it is carefully stages. Merkel is clearly in charge and everyting is “really” okay…
Dont’t worry – be happy!

The term “conspiracy theory” as a psycholinguistic tool for memetic hegemony

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The conspiracy theory meme as a tool of cultural hegemony: A critical discourse analysis

by Rankin, James Edwin, Jr., Ph.D.

Abstract (Summary)

Those rejecting the official accounts of significant suspicious and impactful events are often labeled conspiracy theorists and the alternative explanations they propose are often referred to as conspiracy theories. These labels are often used to dismiss the beliefs of those individuals who question potentially hegemonic control of what people believe. The conspiracy theory concept functions as an impediment to legitimate discursive examination of conspiracy suspicions. The effect of the label appears to constrain even the most respected thinkers. This impediment is particularly problematic in academia, where thorough, objective analysis of information is critical to uncovering truth, and where members of the academy are typically considered among the most important of epistemic authorities. This dissertation tracked the development and use of such terms as pejoratives used to shut down critical thinking, analysis, and challenges to authority. This was accomplished using critical discourse analysis as a research methodology. Evidence suggesting government agents were instrumental in creating the pejorative meme conspiracy theorist was found in contemporary media. Tracing the evolution of the conspiracy theory meme and its use as a pejorative silencer may heighten awareness of its use in this manner and diminish its impact.

The term “conspiracy theory” was invented and put into public discourse by the CIA in 1964 in order to discredit the many skeptics who challenged the Warren Commission’s conclusion that President John F. Kennedy was assassinated by a lone gunman named Lee Harvey Oswald, who himself was assassinated while in police custody before he could be questioned. The CIA used its friends in the media to launch a campaign to make suspicion of the Warren Commission report a target of ridicule and hostility. This campaign was “one of the most successful propaganda initiatives of all time.”

This writes political science professor Lance deHaven-Smith, in his peer-reviewed book which was published by the University of Texas Press. He reports the story of how the CIA succeeded in creating in the public mind uncritical, reflexive, automatic, (System 1) stigmatization of those who challenge official government explanations (cf. ostracism).

Profile photo for

Lance DeHaven-Smith


According to Prof. DeHaven (see lecture above) the term “conspiracy theory” was first used in a scholarly book around 1913 by Charles Beard who used the phrase “the conspiracy theory of the 14th amendment”. DeHaven argues that if a wealthy women died because she fell in the shower and her husband inherits all her money we are automatically suspicious because of the low probability (base rate) of the incidence. If a similar situation happens again and the same husband is involved we are obviously even more suspicious. However, the term “conspiracy theory” prevents rational discourse (and rational thinking). DeHaven suggests the term “state crimes against democracy”. He makes the point that if we do not have a word for a crime it is very difficult to discuss it, especially if argumentators are discredited and ostracized as “conspiracy theorists” and categorized next to flat-earth believers (viz. invalid associations are created to facilitate superficial social categorisation).

Peer reviewed references on conspiracy theories – State crimes against democracy (multiple conspiracies are “organized crime”)

Related References

Elman, J. L.. (1999). Origins of language: A conspiracy theory. The Emergence of Language

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Motter, G.. (2009). Conspiracy theory. EDN

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.346500
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Miller, J. M., Saunders, K. L., & Farhart, C. E.. (2016). Conspiracy Endorsement as Motivated Reasoning: The Moderating Roles of Political Knowledge and Trust. American Journal of Political Science

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Swami, V., Coles, R., Stieger, S., Pietschnig, J., Furnham, A., Rehim, S., & Voracek, M.. (2011). Conspiracist ideation in Britain and Austria: Evidence of a monological belief system and associations between individual psychological differences and real-world and fictitious conspiracy theories. British Journal of Psychology

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Darwin, H., Neave, N., & Holmes, J.. (2011). Belief in conspiracy theories. The role of paranormal belief, paranoid ideation and schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences

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Swami, V.. (2012). Social psychological origins of conspiracy theories: The case of the Jewish conspiracy theory in Malaysia. Frontiers in Psychology

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Wood, M. J., & Douglas, K. M.. (2013). What about building 7?” A social psychological study of online discussion of 9/11 conspiracy theories. Frontiers in Psychology

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Newheiser, A. K., Farias, M., & Tausch, N.. (2011). The functional nature of conspiracy beliefs: Examining the underpinnings of belief in the Da Vinci Code conspiracy. Personality and Individual Differences

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Dagnall, N., Drinkwater, K., Parker, A., Denovan, A., & Parton, M.. (2015). Conspiracy theory and cognitive style: A worldview. Frontiers in Psychology

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Xu, Z., Pothula, S. P., Wilson, J. S., & Apte, M. V.. (2014). Pancreatic cancer and its stroma: A conspiracy theory. World Journal of Gastroenterology

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Geertz, C.. (1973). Thick Description: Toward an Interpretative Theory of Culture. In The Interpretation of Cultures

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Van der Linden, S.. (2015). The conspiracy-effect: Exposure to conspiracy theories (about global warming) decreases pro-social behavior and science acceptance. Personality and Individual Differences

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Wood, M. J.. (2016). Some Dare Call It Conspiracy: Labeling Something a Conspiracy Theory Does Not Reduce Belief in It. Political Psychology

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Pratt, R.. (2003). Theorizing conspiracy. Theory and Society

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Fekete, L.. (2012). The muslim conspiracy theory and the oslo massacre. Race and Class

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Raab, M. H., Ortlieb, S. A., Auer, N., Guthmann, K., & Carbon, C. C.. (2013). Thirty shades of truth: Conspiracy theories as stories of individuation, not of pathological delusion. Frontiers in Psychology

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Brotherton, R., French, C. C., & Pickering, A. D.. (2013). Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: The generic conspiracist beliefs scale. Frontiers in Psychology

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Butt, L.. (2005). “Lipstick Girls” and “Fallen Women”: AIDS and Conspiratorial Thinking in Papua, Indonesia. Cultural Anthropology

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Briones, R., Nan, X., Madden, K., & Waks, L.. (2012). When Vaccines Go Viral: An Analysis of HPV Vaccine Coverage on YouTube. Health Communication

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Phillipson, R.. (2007). Linguistic imperialism: a conspiracy, or a conspiracy of silence?. Language Policy

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Stojanov, A.. (2015). Reducing conspiracy theory beliefs. Psihologija

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Stempel, C., Hargrove, T., & Stempel, G. H.. (2007). Media use, social structure, and belief in 9/11 conspiracy theories. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

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Craft, S., Ashley, S., & Maksl, A.. (2017). News media literacy and conspiracy theory endorsement. Communication and the Public

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/2057047317725539
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Gardener, T., & Moffat, J.. (2008). Changing behaviours in defence acquisition: A game theory approach. Journal of the Operational Research Society

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Sharp, D.. (2008). Advances in conspiracy theory. The Lancet

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61570-6
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The art of deception

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The Art of Deception: Training for a New Generation of Online Covert Operations

theintercept.com/document/2014/02/24/art-deception-training-new-generation-online-covert-operations/
The Human Science Operations Cell (HSOC) is a division of the British signals intelligence agency, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). The HSOC focus on “online human intelligence” and “strategic influence and disruption.”[1]

The existence of the HSOC was revealed as part of the global surveillance disclosures by the former National Security Agency contractor, Edward Snowden.[1] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Science_Operations_Cell

Fake news?

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Lazer, D. M. J., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., … Zittrain, J. L.. (2018). The science of fake news. Science

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1126/science.aao2998
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Conroy, N. J., Rubin, V. L., & Chen, Y.. (2015). Automatic deception detection: Methods for finding fake news. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/pra2.2015.145052010082
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Balmas, M.. (2014). When Fake News Becomes Real: Combined Exposure to Multiple News Sources and Political Attitudes of Inefficacy, Alienation, and Cynicism. Communication Research

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Brigida, M., & Pratt, W. R.. (2017). Fake news. North American Journal of Economics and Finance

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2017.08.012
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Vargo, C. J., Guo, L., & Amazeen, M. A.. (2018). The agenda-setting power of fake news: A big data analysis of the online media landscape from 2014 to 2016. New Media and Society

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1461444817712086
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Marchi, R.. (2012). With Facebook, blogs, and fake news, teens reject journalistic “objectivity”. Journal of Communication Inquiry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0196859912458700
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Rubin, V. L., Chen, Y., & Conroy, N. J.. (2015). Deception detection for news: Three types of fakes. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology

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Frederiksen, L.. (2017). Fake News. Public Services Quarterly

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Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G.. (2017). Who falls for fake news? The roles of bullshit receptivity, overclaiming, familiarity, and analytic thinking. SSRN

doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3023545

Balmas, M.. (2014). When Fake News Becomes Real. Communication Research

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Wardle, C.. (2017). Fake news. It’s complicated. First Draft

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Bakir, V., & McStay, A.. (2018). Fake News and The Economy of Emotions: Problems, causes, solutions. Digital Journalism

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Berghel, H.. (2017). Lies, Damn lies, and fake news. Computer

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Kucharski, A.. (2016). Post-truth: Study epidemiology of fake news. Nature

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Tandoc, E. C., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R.. (2017). Defining “Fake News”. Digital Journalism

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American psychological association & CIA: Science of Deception Workshop

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APA Works with CIA and RAND to Hold Science of Deception Workshop

On July 17-18, RAND Corp. and the APA hosted a workshop entitled the “Science of Deception: Integration of Practice and Theory” with generous funding from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The workshop provided an opportunity to bring together individuals with a need to understand and use deception in the service of national defense/security with those who investigate the phenomena and mechanisms of deception. Meeting at RAND headquarters in Arlington, VA, the workshop drew together approximately 40 individuals including research psychologists, psychiatrists, neurologists who study various aspects of deception and representatives from the CIA, FBI and Department of Defense with interests in intelligence operations. In addition, representatives from the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Science and Technology Directorate of the Department of Homeland Security were present. Following brief introductions and welcoming remarks from Kevin O’Connell, Director of the Intelligence Policy Center within RAND’s National Security Research Division, workshop participants divided into break-out groups to discuss thematic scenarios following a format used in a previous conference on counterterrorism held at the FBI Academy in February 2002.

www.apa.org/about/gr/science/spin/2003/07/also-issue.aspx

Martin Luther King

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The United States is “The Greatest Purveyor of Violence in the World Today” ~Martin Luther King

Frady, M.. (2003). Martin Luther King. Vita Breve
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Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1056492612451789
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Nelson Mandela

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If there is a country that has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States of America. ~Nelson Mandela

Mandela, N.. (1994). The Long Walk to Freedom. In The Long Walk to Freedom

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House, R. J., & Howell, J. M.. (1992). Personality and charismatic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly

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O’Fallon, S.. (2012). Nelson Mandela and unitive eadership. Integral Leadership Review

Invisible facts and perceptual illusions – David Copperfield vanishing the Statue of Liberty

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Large facts can be made invisible

de Gardelle, V., Sackur, J., & Kouider, S.. (2009). Perceptual illusions in brief visual presentations. Consciousness and Cognition

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Jazayeri, M., & Movshon, J. A.. (2007). A new perceptual illusion reveals mechanisms of sensory decoding. Nature

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Smeets, J. B. J., Brenner, E., De Grave, D. D. J., & Cuijpers, R. H.. (2002). Illusions in action: Consequences of inconsistent processing of spatial attributes. Experimental Brain Research

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Framing

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In the social sciences, framing comprises a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals, groups, and societies, organize, perceive, and communicate about reality. Framing involves social construction of a social phenomenon – by mass media sources, political or social movements, political leaders, or other actors and organizations. Recent findings in the domain of embodied cognition and conceptual metaphor theory are important theoretical frameworks in this context.

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Entman, R. M.. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication

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Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D.. (1986). Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions. The Journal of Business

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Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D.. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science

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Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J.. (1998). All Frames Are Not Created Equal: A Typology and Critical Analysis of Framing Effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

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Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D.. (2007). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication

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Levin, I. P., Gaeth, G. J., Schreiber, J., & Lauriola, M.. (2002). A new look at framing effects: Distribution of effect sizes, individual differences, and independence of types of effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

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Kühberger, A.. (1998). The Influence of Framing on Risky Decisions: A Meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

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Snow, D. A., & Benford, R. D.. (2002). Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization. International Social Movement Research

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Halsnæs, K., Shukla, P., Ahuja, D., Akumu, G., Beale, R., Edmonds, J., … J. Zou. (2007). Framing issues. In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Nisbet, M., & Mooney, C.. (2007). Framing science. Science

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Nelson, T. E., Oxley, Z. M., & Clawson, R. A.. (1997). Toward a psychology of framing effects. Political Behavior

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Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M.. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication

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Hallahan, K.. (1999). Seven Models of Framing: Implications for Public Relations. Journal of Public Relations Research

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