The CIA was very interested in various methods to manipulate and exploit the human mind. Besides illegal experiments which involved psychotropic drugs and torture, they were also interested in parapsychology as the document at hand shows.
The objective of this group of experimental sessions was to verify Geller’s apparent paranormal perception under carefully controlled conditions with the goal of understanding the physical and psychological variables underlying such ability.
“Confucius. – the ancients. – the disciples. – the analects. – terms. – written tradition. – ritual. – appendix i. the interpretations. – appendix ii. biographical dates. – the analects.”
Roger T. Ames and Henry Rosemont, J.. (1999). The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation. Classics of Ancient China
“Confucian education is often associated with rote-memorisation that is characterised by sheer repetition of facts with no or little understanding of the content learnt. but does confucian education necessarily promote rote-memorisation? what does confucius himself have to say about education? this article aims to answer the above questions by examining confucius’ concept of si (thinking) based on a textual study of the analects. it is argued that confucius’ concept of si primarily involves an active inquiry into issues that concern one’s everyday life, promotes inferential thinking, and facilitates self-examination. far from advocating rote- memorisation, confucius highlights the need for us to take ownership of our own learning, engage in higher order thinking, and reflectively apply the lessons learnt in our lives.”
Woods, P. R., & Lamond, D. A.. (2011). What Would Confucius Do? – Confucian Ethics and Self-Regulation in Management. Journal of Business Ethics
“We examined confucian moral philosophy, primarily the analects, to determine how confucian ethics could help managers regulate their own behavior (self-regulation) to maintain an ethical standard of practice. we found that some confucian virtues relevant to self-regulation are common to western concepts of management ethics such as benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, and trustworthiness. some are relatively unique, such as ritual propriety and filial piety. we identify seven confucian principles and discuss how they apply to achieving ethical self-regulation in management. in addition, we examined some of the unique confucian practices to achieve self-regulation including ritual and music. we balanced the framework by exploring the potential problems in applying confucian principles to develop ethical self-regulation including whistle blowing. confucian moral philosophy offers an indigenous chinese theoretical framework for developing ethical selfregulation in managers. this is relevant for managers and those who relate to managers in confucian-oriented societies, such as china, korea, japan, and singapore. we recommend further research to examine if the application of the confucian practices outlined here actually work in regulating the ethical behavior of managers in modern organizations.”
Confucius, & Lau, D. C.. (1979). The analects (Lun yü). Penguin classics.
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“The classic collection of conversations and sayings by the ancient chinese philosopher confucius, containing his teachings on ethics, politics, and religion.”
Chen, P., Tolmie, A. K., & Wang, H.. (2016). Growing the critical thinking of schoolchildren in Taiwan using the Analects of Confucius. International Journal of Educational Research
“According to research, the value of cultivating thinking in the context of dialogic teaching is an effective strategic approach to critical thinking. this study applied an extended comparative intervention to six classes of taiwanese schoolchildren using two types of experimental groups. two classes of each different age group were engaged in dialogic teaching over a 12-week period with the use of different materials, either the analects of confucius or moral dilemma stories. three further classes served as control groups. the results of a detailed content analysis demonstrated that this dialogic intervention in the class type of the analects contributed significant gains in the thinking of exploratory talk.”
Brooks, E. B., & Brooks, A. T.. (1997). The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Successors. Translations from the Asian Classics
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“Parallel title in chinese characters; translator’s names also in chinese characters. subject: no one has influenced chinese life as profoundly as confucius. among the most important embodiments of that influence is the analects, a seeming record of confucius’s conversations with his disciples and with the rulers and ministers of his own time. these sayings, many of them laconic, aphoristic, and difficult to interpret, have done much to shape the culture and history of east asia. bruce and taeko brooks have returned this wide-ranging text to its full historical and intellectual setting, organizing the sayings in their original chronological sequence, and permitting the analects to be read for maximum understanding, not as a closed system of thought but as a richly revealing record of the interaction of life and thought as it evolved over almost the entire warring states period. the original analects has clarified contradictions in the text by showing how they reflect changing social conditions and philosophical emphases over the two centuries during which it was compiled. the book includes a fresh and fluid translation, a detailed commentary and interpretation for each saying, illustrations of objects from the warring states period, and an extensive critical apparatus setting forth the textual argument on which the translation is based, and indicating how the later view of the work as the consistent maxims of a universal sage gradually replaced the historical reality. confucius himself the early circle the dzvngdz transformation the king transition the hundred schools the last debates a private interlude return to court the conquest of lu app. 1. the accretion theory of the analects app. 2. developmental patterns in the analects app. 3. a window on the hundred schools app. 4. confucius and his circle app. 5. a reading of ly 1 4 in text order romanization equivalence table interpolations finding list.”
Li, C. C. N.-D. dur fil pau pau global china maig 07 encomanat F. abril 2008. (2007). An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy: From Ancient Philosophy to Chinese Buddhism – By JeeLoo Liu. Journal of Chinese Philosophy
“Yijing (i ching) : the cosmological foundation of chinese philosophy — confucius (kongzi) in the analects — mencius (mengzi) — xunzi (hsün tzu) — mozi (mo tzu) — laozi (lao tzu) — zhuangzi (chuang tzu) — hanfeizi (han fei tzu) — — the consciousness-only (wei-shi) school — the hua-yan (hua-yen) school — the tian-tai (t’ien-t’ai) school — the chan school (zen buddhism).”
Sim, M.. (2013). CONFUCIAN VALUES AND HUMAN RIGHTS. The Review of Metaphysics
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“The article examines the impact of confucianism on the discourse of human rights, as well as social and economic rights. the author looks at the confucian intellectual and confucian civic virtues to understand asian governments’ relation to western individualism and pluralism. also discussed are the philosopher confucius’s emphasis on education and his work ‘analects’ from the book ‘the analects of confucius: a philosophical translation’ translated by roger ames and h. rosemont.”
Kim, H. K.. (2003). Critical Thinking, Learning and Confucius: A Positive Assessment. Journal of Philosophy of Education
“In this paper i argue that confucius’ view of learning in the analects entails critical thinking. although he neither specified the logical rules of good reasoning nor theorised about the structure of argument, confucius advocated and emphasised the importance of critical thinking. for confucius reflective thinking of two sorts is essential to learning: (1) reflection on the materials of knowledge, in order to synthesise and systemise the raw materials into a whole, and to integrate them into oneself as wisdom; (2) reflection on oneself, (a) in order to ensure that such synthesis, systemisation, and integration proceed in an open-minded, fair and autonomous way, and (b) in order to integrate knowledge with the self, that is, to internalise it until it becomes oneself. abstract from author copyright of journal of philosophy of education is the property of blackwell publishing limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. however, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. this abstract may be abridged. no warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (copyright applies to all abstracts); in this paper i argue that confucius’ view of learning in the analects entails critical thinking. although he neither specified the logical rules of good reasoning nor theorised about the structure of argument, confucius advocated and emphasised the importance of critical thinking. for confucius reflective thinking of two sorts is essential to learning: (1) reflection on the materials of knowledge, in order to synthesise and systemise the raw materials into a whole, and to integrate them into oneself as wisdom; (2) reflection on oneself, (a) in order to ensure that such synthesis, systemisation, and integration proceed in an open-minded, fair and autonomous way, and (b) in order to integrate knowledge with the self, that is, to internalise it until it becomes oneself. abstract from author copyright of journal of philosophy of education is the property of blackwell publishing limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. however, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. this abstract may be abridged. no warranty is given…”
Hasebe, Y.. (2003). Constitutional borrowing and political theory. International Journal of Constitutional Law
“Reviewed work(s):nnthe analects of confucius: a philosophical translation by roger t. ames; henry rosemont, jr.nnthe original analects: sayings of confucius and his followers by e. bruce; a. taeko brooks nnthe analects of confucius (lun yu) by chichung huang nnthe analects of confucius by simon leys”
Romar, E. J.. (2004). Managerial harmony: The Confucian ethics of Peter F. Drucker. In Journal of Business Ethics
“‘Confucianism… is a universal ethic in which the rules and imperatives of behavior hold for all individuals.’ (peter f. drucker, forbes, 1981). peter drucker is credited as the founder of modern american management. in his distinguished career he has written widely and authoritatively on the subject and to a large extent his work possesses a distinctive ethical tone. this paper will argue that confucian ethics underlie much of drucker’s writing. both drucker and confucius view power as the central ethical issue in human relations. they emphasize authority, leadership, legitimacy, hierarchy, interdependence and individual ethical responsibility in their analysis of human affairs. drucker views the development of large-scale formal organizations and the concomitant rise of the managerial class as the most significant developments of the 20th century, which makes the management of interdependent roles and relationships a central ethical challenge. confucius, and the early confucians, understood human relationships as based upon hierarchy, interdependence and personal ethics. the paper will analyze drucker’s work in light of the early confucian classics (the analects, the mencius, the great learning and the doctrine of the mean). drucker, himself, considers the end of economic man (1939), the future of industrial man (1942), concept of the corporation (1983), and the essential drucker (2001) as his most important and influential works. the paper will analyze these along with other works by drucker as appropriate.”
A straw man is a common form of argument and is an informal fallacy based on giving the impression of refuting an opponent’s argument, while actually refuting an argument that was not presented by that opponent. One who engages in this fallacy is said to be “attacking a straw man.”
Further References
Eemeren, F. H. Van, Amsterdam, F. V., & Walton, D.. (1996). The straw man fallacy. Logic and Argumentation
“In this paper, an analysis is given of the straw man fallacy as a misrepresentation of someone’s commitments in order to refute that person’s argument. with this analysis a distinction can be made between straw man and other closely related fallacies such as ad hominem, secundum quid and ad verecundiam. when alleged cases of the straw man fallacy are evaluated, the speaker’s commitment should be conceived normatively in relation to the type of conversation the speaker was supposed to be engaged in.”
Talisse, R., & Aikin, S. F.. (2006). Two forms of the Straw Man. Argumentation
“The authors identify and offer an analysis of a new form of the straw man fallacy, and then explore the implications of the prevalence of this fallacy for contemporary political discourse.”
Lewiński, M.. (2011). Towards a Critique-Friendly Approach to the Straw Man Fallacy Evaluation. Argumentation
“In this article i address the following question: when are reformulations in argumentative criticisms reasonable and when do they become fallacious straw men? following ideas developed in the integrated version of pragma-dialectics, i approach argumentation as an element of agonistic exchanges permeated by arguers’ strategic manoeuvring aimed at effectively defeating the opponent with reasonable means. i propose two basic context-sensitive criteria for deciding on the reasonableness of reformulations: precision of the rules for interpretation (precise vs. loose) and general expectation of cooperativeness (critical vs. constructive). on the basis of analysis of examples taken from online political discussions, i argue that in some contexts, especially those that are critical and loose, what might easily be classified as a straw man following conventional treatment should be taken as a harsh, yet reasonable, strategic argumentative criticism.”
Lewiński, M., & Oswald, S.. (2013). When and how do we deal with straw men? A normative and cognitive pragmatic account. Journal of Pragmatics
“In a recent paper in this journal, ‘the fallacy of beneficial ignorance: a test of hirschman’s hiding hand’, professor bent flyvbjerg claims that there is no such thing as beneficial ignorance and that ignorance is detrimental to project success. moreover, he argues that if hirschman’s principle of the hiding hand were correct, then benefit overruns would exceed cost overruns. thus, with a statistical test, he demonstrates that the hiding hand is in fact less common than its ‘evil twin’, the planning fallacy. in this rejoinder, the author shows that flyvbjerg’s test is built on a straw man fallacy and that he fails to refute the hiding hand. contrary to flyvbjerg—who focuses on the narrow costs and benefits—this paper provides evidence that while the hiding hand is found among projects that are project management failures but project successes, the planning fallacy fits with projects that are both project management and project failures. on that basis, the author analyzes a sample of 161 world bank-funded projects of different types and finds that the hiding hand prevails. while future research should ascertain this finding, the author then points out the methodological limitations of flyvbjerg’s test. indeed, it is ironic that the hiding hand, a principle crafted against the very idea of cost–benefit analysis, is refuted on that very basis. even worse, flyvbjerg, in his cost–benefit analysis, ignores the full life-cycle project costs and benefits, the unintended project effects, the difficulties, and problem-solving abilities so dear to hirschman, and, thus, treats the management of projects as a kind of ‘black box’. finally, the author submits that hirschman was a behavioral project theorist, and argues that it is more important to shed light on the circumstances where the hiding hand works than to question whether the principle of the hiding hand is right.”
Macagno, F., & Damele, G.. (2013). The dialogical force of implicit premises: Presumptions in enthymemes. Informal Logic
“The implicit dimension of enthymemes is investigated from a pragmatic perspective to show why a premise can be left unexpressed, and how it can be used strategically. the relationship between the implicit act of taking for granted and the pattern of presumptive reasoning is shown to be the cornerstone of kairos and the fallacy of straw man. by taking a proposition for granted, the speaker shifts the burden of proving its unacceptability onto the hearer. the resemblance (likeliness) of the tacit premise with what is commonly acceptable or has been actually stated can be used as a rhetorical strategy”
Change blindness is a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it. For example, observers often fail to notice major differences introduced into an image while it flickers off and on again.
Further References
Kentridge, R. W.. (2015). Change Blindness. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition
“Change blindness is a phenomenon in which major changes to a visual scene go unnoticed. there are many methods of inducing change blindness, for example, by presenting a blank image between presentation of the original and changed pictures. change blindness is thought to occur when visual attention is prevented from being drawn to the change. detecting the changes requires a comparison between the changed state of the picture and a visual memory of its original state. without visual attention the memory may not be retrieved at all or the available memory may lack sufficient visual detail for a change to be registered. change blindness is employed as a tool for studying visual attention and has obvious real-world implications for tasks such as driving.”
Simons, D. J., & Rensink, R. A.. (2005). Change blindness: Past, present, and future. Trends in Cognitive Sciences
“Change blindness is the striking failure to see large changes that normally would be noticed easily. over the past decade this phenomenon has greatly contributed to our understanding of attention, perception, and even consciousness. the surprising extent of change blindness explains its broad appeal, but its counterintuitive nature has also engendered confusions about the kinds of inferences that legitimately follow from it. here we discuss the legitimate and the erroneous inferences that have been drawn, and offer a set of requirements to help separate them. in doing so, we clarify the genuine contributions of change blindness research to our understanding of visual perception and awareness, and provide a glimpse of some ways in which change blindness might shape future research.”
Masuda, T., & Nisbett, R. E.. (2006). Culture and change blindness. Cognitive Science
“Research on perception and cognition suggests that whereas east asians view the world holistically, attending to the entire field and relations among objects, westerners view the world analytically, focusing on the attributes of salient objects. these propositions were examined in the change-blindness paradigm. research in that paradigm finds american participants to be more sensitive to changes in focal objects than to changes in the periphery or context. we anticipated that this would be less true for east asians and that they would be more sensitive to context changes than would americans. we presented participants with still photos and with animated vignettes having changes in focal object information and contextual information. compared to americans, east asians were more sensitive to contextual changes than to focal object changes. these results suggest that there can be cultural variation in what may seem to be basic perceptual processes.”
Simons, D. J.. (2000). Current approaches to change blindness. Visual Cognition
“Across saccades, blinks, blank screens, movie cuts, and other interruptions, ob- servers fail to detect substantial changes to the visual details of objects and scenes. this inability to spot changes (‘change blindness’) is the focus of this special issue of visual cognition. this introductory paper briefly reviews recent studies of change blindness, noting the relation of these findings to earlier re- search and discussing the inferences we can draw from them.most explanations of change blindness assume that we fail to detect changes because the changed displaymasks or overwrites the initial display.here i draw a distinction between intentional and incidental change detection tasks and consider how alternatives to the ‘overwriting’ explanation may provide better explanations for change blindness.”
Rensink, R. A.. (2010). Attention: Change Blindness and Inattentional Blindness. In Encyclopedia of Consciousness
“Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) of subjects attempting to detect a visual change occurring during a screen flicker was used to distinguish the neural correlates of change detection from those of change blindness. change detection resulted in enhanced activity in the parietal and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as well as category- selective regions of the extrastriate visual cortex (for example, fusiform gyrus for changing faces). although change blindness resulted in some extrastriate activity, the dorsal activations were clearly absent. these results demonstrate the importance of parietal and dorsolateral frontal activations for conscious detection of changes in properties coded in the ventral visual pathway, and thus suggest a key involvement of dorsal-ventral interactions in visual awareness”
Levin, D. T., Momen, N., Drivdahl, S. B., & Simons, D. J.. (2000). Change blindness blindness: The metacognitive error of overestimating change-detection ability. Visual Cognition
“Recent research has demonstrated that subjects fail to detect large between-view changes to natural and artificial scenes. yet, most people (including psycholo- gists) believe that theywould detect the changes.we report two experiments doc- umenting this metacognitive error. in experiment 1, students in a large general psychology classwere asked if they thought theywould notice the change in four different situations previously tested by levin and simons (1997) and simons and levin (1998). most claimed that they would have noticed even relatively small changes that real observers rarely detected. in experiment 2, subjectswere tested individually and half were asked to predict whether someone else would detect the changes. subjects again overestimated the degree to which changes would be detected, both by themselves and by others. we discuss possible reasons for these metacognitive errors including distorted beliefs about visual experience, change, and stability.”
Cavanaugh, J.. (2004). Subcortical Modulation of Attention Counters Change Blindness. Journal of Neuroscience
“Change blindness is the failure to see large changes in a visual scene that occur simultaneously with a global visual transient. such visual transients might be brief blanks between visual scenes or the blurs caused by rapid or saccadic eye movements between successive fixations. shifting attention to the site of the change counters this ‘blindness’ by improving change detection and reaction time. we developed a change blindness paradigm for visual motion and then showed that presenting an attentional cue diminished the blindness in both humans and old world monkeys. we then replaced the visual cue with weak electrical stimulation of an area in the monkey’s brainstem, the superior colliculus, to see if activation at such a late stage in the eye movement control system contributes to the attentional shift that counters change blindness. with this stimulation, monkeys more easily detected changes and had shorter reaction times, both characteristics of a shift of attention.”
Simons, D. J., & Chabris, C. F.. (1999). Gorillas in our midst: Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception
“With each eye fixation, we experience a richly detailed visual world. yet recent work on visual integration and change direction reveals that we are surprisingly unaware of the details of our environment from one view to the next: we often do not detect large changes to objects and scenes (‘change blindness’). furthermore, without attention, we may not even perceive objects (‘inattentional blindness’). taken together, these findings suggest that we perceive and remember only those objects and details that receive focused attention. in this paper, we briefly review and discuss evidence for these cognitive forms of ‘blindness’. we then present a new study that builds on classic studies of divided visual attention to examine inattentional blindness for complex objects and events in dynamic scenes. our results suggest that the likelihood of noticing an unexpected object depends on the similarity of that object to other objects in the display and on how difficult the priming monitoring task is. interestingly, spatial proximity of the critical unattended object to attended locations does not appear to affect detection, suggesting that observers attend to objects and events, not spatial positions. we discuss the implications of these results for visual representations and awareness of our visual environment.”
Simons, D. J., & Ambinder, M. S.. (2005). Change blindness: Theory and consequences. Current Directions in Psychological Science
“People often fail to notice large changes to visual scenes, a phenomenon now known as change blindness. the extent of change blindness in visual perception suggests limits on our capacity to encode, retain, and compare visual information from one glance to the next; our awareness of our visual surroundings is far more sparse than most people intuitively believe. these failures of awareness and the erroneous intuitions that often accompany them have both theoretical and practical ramifications. this article briefly summarizes the current state of research on change blindness and suggests future directions that promise to improve our understanding of scene perception and visual memory.”
Galpin, A., Underwood, G., & Crundall, D.. (2009). Change blindness in driving scenes. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour
Simons, D. J., Chabris, C. F., Schnur, T., & Levin, D. T.. (2002). Evidence for preserved representations in change blindness. Consciousness and Cognition
“The phenomenon of change blindness has received a great deal of attention during the last decade, but very few experiments have examined the effects of the subjective importance of the visual stimuli under study. we have addressed this question in a series of studies by introducing choice as a critical variable in change detection (see johansson, hall, sikström, & olsson, 2005, johansson, hall, sikström, & tärning, 2006). in the present study, participants were asked to choose which of two pictures they found more attractive. for stimuli we used both pairs of abstract patterns and female faces. sometimes the pictures were switched during to choice procedure, leading to a reversal of the initial choice of the participants. surprisingly, the subjects seldom noticed the switch, and in a post-test memory task, they also often remembered the manipulated choice as being their own. in combination with our previous findings, this result indicates that we often fail to notice changes in the world even if they have later consequences for our own actions.”
(WHO), W. H. O.. (1972). Change the Definition of Blindness. World Health Organization
“This study investigated the role of parental autism spectrum disorder (asd), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd), and depressive symptoms on parenting stress in 174 families with children with asd and/or adhd, using generalized linear models and structural equation models. fathers and mothers reported more stress when parenting with their child with asd and/or adhd than when parenting with the unaffected sibling; they also experienced more stress than a norm population. depressive symptoms were most pronounced in the parents of children with asd and asd+adhd. spouse correlations were found for asd, depression, and parenting stress. paternal asd and maternal adhd symptoms were related to increased parenting stress, and parental adhd symptoms with depressive symptoms and parenting stress. the results highlight the increased burden of raising a child with asd and/or adhd and the reciprocal relationship this has with parents’ asd, adhd, and depressive symptoms, and levels of stress.”
O’Regan, J. K., Rensink, R. A., & Clark, J. J.. (1999). Change-blindness as a result of “mudsplashes”. Nature
“Change-blindness1,2 occurs when large changes are missed under natural viewing conditions because they occur simultaneously with a brief visual disruption, perhaps caused by an eye movement3,4, a flicker5, a blink6, or a camera cut in a film sequence7. we have found that this can occur even when the disruption does not cover or obscure the changes. when a few small, high-contrast shapes are briefly spattered over a picture, like mudsplashes on a car windscreen, large changes can be made simultaneously in the scene without being noticed. this phenomenon is potentially important in driving, surveillance or navigation, as dangerous events occurring in full view can go unnoticed if they coincide with even very small, apparently innocuous, disturbances. it is also important for understanding how the brain represents the world”
Landman, R., Spekreijse, H., & Lamme, V. A. F.. (2003). Large capacity storage of integrated objects before change blindness. Vision Research
“Paradoxically, although humans have a superb sense of smell, they don’t trust their nose. furthermore, although human odorant detection thresholds are very low, only unusually high odorant concentrations spontaneously shift our attention to olfaction. here we suggest that this lack of olfactory awareness reflects the nature of olfactory attention that is shaped by the spatial and temporal envelopes of olfaction. regarding the spatial envelope, selective attention is allocated in space. humans direct an attentional spotlight within spatial coordinates in both vision and audition. human olfactory spatial abilities are minimal. thus, with no olfactory space, there is no arena for olfactory selective attention. regarding the temporal envelope, whereas vision and audition consist of nearly continuous input, olfactory input is discreet, made of sniffs widely separated in time. if similar temporal breaks are artificially introduced to vision and audition, they induce ‘change blindness’, a loss of attentional capture that results in a lack of awareness to change. whereas ‘change blindness’ is an aberration of vision and audition, the long inter-sniff-interval renders ‘change anosmia’ the norm in human olfaction. therefore, attentional capture in olfaction is minimal, as is human olfactory awareness. all this, however, does not diminish the role of olfaction through sub-attentive mechanisms allowing subliminal smells a profound influence on human behavior and perception.”
Henderson, J. M., & Hollingworth, A.. (2003). Global transsaccadic change blindness during scene perception. Psychological Science
“Each time the eyes are spatially reoriented via a saccadic eye movement, the image falling on the retina changes. how visually specific are the representations that are functional across saccades during active scene perception? this question was investigated with a saccade-contingent display-change paradigm in which pictures of complex real-world scenes were globally changed in real time during eye movements. the global changes were effected by presenting each scene as an alternating set of scene strips and occluding gray bars, and by reversing the strips and bars during specific saccades. the results from two experiments demonstrated a global transsaccadic change-blindness effect, suggesting that point-by-point visual representations are not functional across saccades during complex scene perception.”
Fernandez-Duque, D., & Thornton, I. M.. (2000). Change detection without awareness: Do explicit reports underestimate the representation of change in the visual system?. Visual Cognition
“Evidence from many different paradigms (e.g. change blindness, inattentional blindness, transsaccadic integration) indicate that observers are often very poor at reporting changes to their visual environment. such evidence has been used to suggest that the spatio-temporal coherence needed to represent change can only occur in the presence of focused attention. in four experiments we use modified change blindness tasks to demonstrate (a) that sensitivity to change does occur in the absence of awareness, and (b) this sensitivity does not rely on the redeployment of attention. we discuss these results in relation to theories of scene perception, and propose a reinterpretation of the role of attention in representing change.”
Nelson, K. J., Laney, C., Fowler, N. B., Knowles, E. D., Davis, D., & Loftus, E. F.. (2011). Change blindness can cause mistaken eyewitness identification. Legal and Criminological Psychology
“RnThe current study investigated the effects of change blindness and crime severity on eyewitness identification accuracy. this research, involving 717 subjects, examined change blindness during a simulated criminal act and its effects on subjects’ accuracy for identifying the perpetrator in a photospread. subjects who viewed videos designed to induce change blindness were more likely to falsely identify the innocent actor relative to those who viewed control videos. crime severity did not influence detection of change; however, it did have an effect on eyewitness accuracy. subjects who viewed a more severe crime ($500 theft) made fewer errors in perpetrator identification than those who viewed a less severe crime ($5 theft). this research has theoretical implications for our understanding of change blindness and practical implications for the real-world problem of faulty eyewitness testimony. ”
A coup d’état also known simply as a coup, a putsch, golpe, or an overthrow, is an illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus.[1]
A 2003 review of the academic literature found that the following factors were associated with coups:
officers’ personal grievances
military organizational grievances
military popularity
military attitudinal cohesiveness
economic decline
domestic political crisis
contagion from other regional coups
external threat
participation in war
foreign veto power and military’s national security doctrine
“‘Noam chomsky’s prolific writings have made him one of the most-quoted educators in history-the only living writer on a most-cited list that includes plato, shakespeare, and freud. yet until now, no book has systematically offered chomsky’s influential writings on education. in chomsky on miseducation, noam chomsky builds a larger understanding of our educational needs, starting with the changing role of schools today, and then broadening our view toward new models of public education for citizenship. chomsky weaves global technological change and the primacy of responsible media with the democratic role of schools and higher education. a truly democratic society, he argues, cannot thrive in a rapidly changing world unless our approach to education- formal and otherwise- is dramatically reformed. chomsky’s critique of how our current educational system miseducates’ students- and his prescriptions for change- are essential reading for teachers, parents, school administrators, activists, and anyone concerned about the future.””
Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch, W. T.. (2010). The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?. In The Evolution of Human Language: Biolinguistic Perspectives
“We argue that an understanding of the faculty of language requires substantial interdisciplinary cooperation. we suggest how current developments in linguistics can be profitably wedded to work in evolutionary biology, anthropology, psychology, and neuroscience. we submit that a distinction should be made between the faculty of language in the broad sense (flb) and in the narrow sense (fln). flb includes a sensory-motor system, a conceptual-intentional system, and the computational mechanisms for recursion, providing the capacity to generate an infinite range of expressions from a finite set of elements. we hypothesize that fln only includes recursion and is the only uniquely human component of the faculty of language. we further argue that fln may have evolved for reasons other than language, hence comparative studies might look for evidence of such computations outside of the domain of communication (for example, number, navigation, and social relations).”
Chomsky, N.. (2011). Language and other cognitive systems. What is special about language?. Language Learning and Development
“The traditional conception of language is that it is, in aristotle’s phrase, sound with meaning. the sound-meaning correlation is, furthermore, unbounded, an elementary fact that came to be understood as of great significance in the 17th century scientific revolution. in contemporary terms, the internal language (i-language) of an individual consists, at the very least, of a generative process that yields an infinite array of structured expressions, each interpreted at two interfaces, the sensory-motor interface (sound, sign, or some other sensory modality) for externalization and the conceptual-intentional interface for thought and planning of action. the earliest efforts to address this problem, in the 1950s, postulated rich descriptive apparatus—in different terms, rich assumptions about the genetic component of the language faculty, what has been called ‘universal grammar’ (ug). that seemed necessary to provide for a modicum of descriptive adequacy. also, many puzzles were discovered that had passed u…”
Chomsky, N.. (1992). Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media. East
“Explores the political life and times of the controversial author, linguist and radical philosopher, noam chomsky. highlighting his analysis of media, chomsky focuses on democratic societies where populations not disciplined by force are subject to more subtle forms of ideological control.”
Chomsky, N.. (1970). Remarks on Nominalization. In Readings in English Tranformational Grammar
“This article reviews, and rethinks, a few leading themes of the biolinguistic program since its inception in the early 1950s, at each stage influenced by developments in the biological sciences. the following also discusses how the questions now entering the research agenda develop in a natural way from some of the earliest concerns of these inquiries.”
Chomsky, N.. (2001). Hegemony or Survival. Business Week
“During early telencephalic development, the major portion of the ventral telencephalic (subpallial) region becomes subdivided into three regions, the lateral (lge), medial (mge), and caudal (cge) ganglionic eminences. in this study, we systematically recapitulated subpallial patterning in mouse embryonic stem cell (esc) cultures and investigated temporal and combinatory actions of patterning signals. in serum-free floating culture, the dorsal-ventral specification of esc-derived telencephalic neuroectoderm is dose-dependently directed by sonic hedgehog (shh) signaling. early shh treatment, even before the expression onset of foxg1 (also bf1; earliest marker of the telencephalic lineage), is critical for efficiently generating lge progenitors, and continuous shh signaling until day 9 is necessary to commit these cells to the lge lineage. when induced under these conditions and purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorter, telencephalic cells efficiently differentiated into nolz1(+)/ctip2(+) lge neuronal precursors and subsequently, both in culture and after in vivo grafting, into darpp32(+) medium-sized spiny neurons. purified telencephalic progenitors treated with high doses of the hedgehog (hh) agonist sag (smoothened agonist) differentiated into mge- and cge-like tissues. interestingly, in addition to strong hh signaling, the efficient specification of mge cells requires fgf8 signaling but is inhibited by treatment with fgf15/19. in contrast, cge differentiation is promoted by fgf15/19 but suppressed by fgf8, suggesting that specific fgf signals play different, critical roles in the positional specification of esc-derived ventral subpallial tissues. we discuss a model of the antagonistic fgf8 and fgf15/19 signaling in rostral-caudal subpallial patterning and compare it with the roles of these molecules in cortical patterning.”
Chomsky, N.. (2001). The New War Against Terror. Human Nature
“Everyone knows its the tv people who run the world crowd laugher. i just got orders that im supposed to be here, not there. well the last talk i gave at this forum was on a light pleasant topic. it was about how humans are an en- dangered species and given the nature of their institutions they are likely to destroy themselves in a fairly short time. so this time there is a little relief and we have a pleasant topic instead, the new war on terror. unfortunately, the world keeps coming up with things that make it more and more horrible as we proceed.”
Skull and Bones’s membership developed a reputation in association with the “power elite“.[10] Regarding the qualifications for membership, Lanny Davis wrote in the 1968 Yale yearbook:
If the society had a good year, this is what the “ideal” group will consist of: a football captain; a Chairman of the Yale Daily News; a conspicuous radical; a Whiffenpoof; a swimming captain; a notorious drunk with a 94 average; a film-maker; a political columnist; a religious group leader; a Chairman of the Lit; a foreigner; a ladies’ man with two motorcycles; an ex-service man; a negro, if there are enough to go around; a guy nobody else in the group had heard of, ever…
Like other Yale senior societies, Skull and Bones membership was almost exclusively limited to white Protestant males for much of its history. While Yale itself had exclusionary policies directed at particular ethnic and religious groups, the senior societies were even more exclusionary.[11][12] While some Catholics were able to join such groups, Jews were more often not.[12] Some of these excluded groups eventually entered Skull and Bones by means of sports, through the society’s practice of tapping standout athletes. Star football players tapped for Skull and Bones included the first Jewish player (Al Hessberg, class of 1938) and African-American player (Levi Jackson, class of 1950, who turned down the invitation for the Berzelius Society).[11]
Yale became coeducational in 1969, prompting some other secret societies such as St. Anthony Hall to transition to co-ed membership, yet Skull and Bones remained fully male until 1992. The Bones class of 1971’s attempt to tap women for membership was opposed by Bones alumni, who dubbed them the “bad club” and quashed their attempt. “The issue”, as it came to be called by Bonesmen, was debated for decades.[13] The class of 1991 tapped seven female members for membership in the next year’s class, causing conflict with the alumni association.[14] The Trust changed the locks on the Tomb and the Bonesmen instead met in the Manuscript Society building.[14] A mail-in vote by members decided 368–320 to permit women in the society, but a group of alumni led by William F. Buckley obtained a temporary restraining order to block the move, arguing that a formal change in bylaws was needed.[14][15] Other alumni, such as John Kerry and R. Inslee Clark, Jr., spoke out in favor of admitting women. The dispute was highlighted on an editorial page of The New York Times.[14][16] A second alumni vote, in October 1991, agreed to accept the Class of 1992, and the lawsuit was dropped.[14][17]
Judith Ann Schiff, Chief Research Archivist at the Yale University Library, has written: “The names of its members weren’t kept secret—that was an innovation of the 1970s—but its meetings and practices were.”[18] While resourceful researchers could assemble member data from these original sources, in 1985, an anonymous source leaked rosters to Antony C. Sutton. This membership information was kept privately for over 15years, as Sutton feared that the photocopied pages could somehow identify the member who leaked it. He wrote a book on the group, America’s Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull and Bones. The information was finally reformatted as an appendix in the book Fleshing out Skull and Bones, a compilation edited by Kris Millegan and published in 2003.
In the 2004 U.S. Presidential election, both the Democratic and Republican nominees were alumni. George W. Bush wrote in his autobiography, “[In my] senior year I joined Skull and Bones, a secret society; so secret, I can’t say anything more.”[21] When asked what it meant that he and Bush were both Bonesmen, former Presidential candidate John Kerry said, “Not much, because it’s a secret.”[22][23]
“The structure of the control network of transnational corporations affects global market competition and financial stability. so far, only small national samples were studied and there was no appropriate methodology to assess control globally. we present the first investigation of the architecture of the international ownership network, along with the computation of the control held by each global player. we find that transnational corporations form a giant bow-tie structure and that a large portion of control flows to a small tightly-knit core of financial institutions. this core can be seen as an economic ‘super-entity’ that raises new important issues both for researchers and policy makers.”
Heemskerk, E. M., & Takes, F. W.. (2016). The Corporate Elite Community Structure of Global Capitalism. New Political Economy
“A key debate on the merits and consequences of globalisation asks to what extent we have moved to a multipolar global political economy. here we investigate this issue through the properties and topologies of corporate elite networks and ask: what is the community structure of the global corporate elite? in order to answer this question, we analyse how the largest one million firms in the world are interconnected at the level of corporate governance through interlocking directorates. community detection through modularity maximisation reveals that regional clusters play a fundamental role in the network architecture of the global political economy. transatlantic connections remain particularly strong: europe and north america remain interconnected in a dense network of shared directors. a distinct asian cluster stands apart as separate and oriented more towards itself. while it develops and gains economic and political power, asia remains by and large outside the scope of the networks of the incumbent global (that is, north atlantic) corporate elite. we see this as a sign of the rise of competing corporate elites. but the corporate elites from the traditional core countries still form a powerful opponent for any competing faction in the global corporate elite.”
