“Migration movements to industrialized countries have grown in number and size, and the presence of large numbers of immigrants has raised concerns about their integration and assimilation into host societies. this article is an empirical study of assimilation of foreign nationals in germany. their experience may hold lessons for other relatively recent immigration destinations. as expected, language is one of the most critical factors for determining integration and assimilation at the workplace and in society. our results indicate uneven success in these two areas, and suggest that greater language skills may be required for social assimilation, compared to economic assimilation. among the most important findings of our study are the strong and statistically significant effects of the attitudes by germans toward immigrants, the significant influence of the region of residence, and the ambivalence of german-born foreign residents toward naturalization and continued stay. this signals the failure of past integration and assimilation policies. the results show that negative attitudes by ethnic germans against others at work or in society, in general, reduce interest in integration and assimilation. this is neither new nor surprising and this research does not contribute new theoretical insights, but it demonstrates the magnitude and significance of the effects. the question of why different locations seemed to have different impacts on citizenship aspirations is beyond the scope of this article. the data do not provide information to pursue this question and we suspect that the causes are too complex for a short answer. as expected, non-eu citizens showed greater interest in acquiring german citizenship than eu citizens. finally, the results also indicate that the immediate post-world war ii notion of ‘guest workers’ was not completely false. there has been significant return migration and a significant number of respondents to the survey say that they intend to return.”

“In the interpretation of wittgenstein’s thinking about the concept of a rule, two sharply differing positions have emerged. on one reading wittgenstein is taken to hold that the concept of a rule presupposes a community within which a common agreement in actions fixes the meaning of a rule. baker and hacker argue vigorously against this reading. they take wittgenstein to be holding that agreement is necessary only for ‘shared’ rules, ‘shared’ concepts, ‘shared’ language. according to their interpretation, wittgenstein allows the possibility that a human being who had always lived in isolation from any human community, could have a language and could follow rules. in my article i argue that baker and hacker have misunderstood wittgenstein on the concept of a rule, that the passages they adduce in support of their reading do not support it, and that many passages in his writings show wittgenstein’s position to be that without general agreement there could be neither rules nor language.”

“Ludwig wittgenstein (1889-1951) was an extraordinarily original philospher, whose influence on twentieth-century thinking goes well beyond philosophy itself. in this book, which aims to make wittgenstein’s thought accessible to the general non-specialist reader, a. c. grayling explains the nature and impact of wittgenstein’s views. he describes both his early and later philosophy, the differences and connections between them, and gives a fresh assessment of wittgenstein’s continuing influence on contemporary thought.”

“This study tried to determine if drainage fluid amylase reflects pancreatic leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy and to determine the factors affecting the drainage amylase level. patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy were recruited. the drainage amylase was measured from postoperative day (pod) 1 to pod 7. direct evidence of pancreatic leakage was provided by upper gastrointestinal studies using a water-soluble contrast medium and methylene blue dye in the pancreaticogastrostomy group or by pancreaticography with injected contrast medium via an exteriorized pancreatic stent in the pancreaticojejunostomy group on pod 7. a total of 37 patients were recruited. the drainage amylase level was higher than the normal serum amylase (>or= 190 u/l) in more than half of the cases on the initial pod 2 specimen, with a median of 745 u/l on pod 1 and 663 u/l on pod 2. the drainage amylase level was more than three times the normal serum amylase level (>or= 190 x 3 u/l) in 56.8% on pod 1, in 51.4% on pod 2, and in nearly one-third on pod 7 (29.7%). however, no pancreatic leakage occurred in any of the patients with a drainage amylase of >or= 190 u/l. only one case of pancreatic leakage with a small amount of drainage fluid (10 ml) and low amylase level (74 u/l), was noted. soft pancreatic parenchyma and a nondilated pancreatic duct were significantly associated with higher drainage amylase levels. in conclusion, biochemical leakage defined by amylase-rich drainage fluid might have no clinical significance and was not necessarily clinical pancreatic leakage following pancreaticoduodenectomy.”

“Mycotoxins are small (mw approximately 700), toxic chemical products formed as secondary metabolites by a few fungal species that readily colonise crops and contaminate them with toxins in the field or after harvest. ochratoxins and aflatoxins are mycotoxins of major significance and hence there has been significant research on broad range of analytical and detection techniques that could be useful and practical. due to the variety of structures of these toxins, it is impossible to use one standard technique for analysis and/or detection. practical requirements for high-sensitivity analysis and the need for a specialist laboratory setting create challenges for routine analysis. several existing analytical techniques, which offer flexible and broad-based methods of analysis and in some cases detection, have been discussed in this manuscript. there are a number of methods used, of which many are lab-based, but to our knowledge there seems to be no single technique that stands out above the rest, although analytical liquid chromatography, commonly linked with mass spectroscopy is likely to be popular. this review manuscript discusses (a) sample pre-treatment methods such as liquid-liquid extraction (lle), supercritical fluid extraction (sfe), solid phase extraction (spe), (b) separation methods such as (tlc), high performance liquid chromatography (hplc), gas chromatography (gc), and capillary electrophoresis (ce) and (c) others such as elisa. further currents trends, advantages and disadvantages and future prospects of these methods have been discussed.”

“In the safety of his manuscripts, ludwig wittgenstein was free to endlessly revise, rework and reframe his philosophical thoughts. thus his published work yields a glimpse of just a small portion of wittgenstein’s philosophical thought the portion that eventually appeared in print. yet for wittgenstein, philosophy was an on-going activity, a process. only in his dialog with the philosophical community and in his private moments does wittgenstein’s philosophical practice fully come to light. those public and private occasions are collected here. in private occasions, co-editor alfred nordmann presents wittgenstein’s diaries from the 1930s to an english audience for the first time. they are accompanied by wittgenstein’s letters to and from friend ludwig hansel. together, they reveal a great deal about wittgenstein, who himself says ‘the movement of thought in my philosophizing should be discernible also in the history of my mind.’ in public occasions, james klagge collects wittgenstein’s papers and speeches, some newly published, from a number of forums, including his lectures at cambridge and his involvement with the cambridge moral science club. much of wittgenstein’s philosophical work came through, or in the form of, dialogs, making these public encounters particularly valuable. the result of this collaboration, ludwig wittgenstein: public and private occasions, is a thorough look at the philosophy of one of the 20th century’s greatest thinkers that goes beyond a mere study of his published work.””

“This essay explores the theme of wittgenstein as a philosopher of culture. the primary text on which the essay is based is philosophical investigations; it treats stanley cavell’s work as a major guide for the understanding and re- ception of wittgenstein into anthropology. some wittgensteinian themes ex- plored in the essay are the idea of culture as capability, horizontal and verti- cal limits to forms of life, concepts of everyday life in the face of skepticism, and the complexity of the inner in relation to questions of belief and pain. while an attempt has been made to relate these ideas to ethnographic de- scriptions, the emphasis in this essay is on the question of how anthropology may receive wittgenstein.”

“This is a collection of articles about the philosophy of the later wittgenstein.”

“Schroeder isolates three points in wittgenstein’s discussion of reasons that set reasons apart from causes: (i) sometimes, reasons are rules that justify actions. (ii) giving a reason is like describing the route one has taken: it is «the description of a e{singular} process, not the specification of a cause which always involves a whole host of observations. for this reason we say too that we know the reason for our action with certainty {…} but not the cause of an act» (vw 424; cf. bb 15). later, wittgenstein came to revise this view: «the reason may be nothing more than just the one he gives when asked» (al 5; cf. pi {s}479). (iii) agents have first-person authority about their reasons for their actions: what they sincerely claim to be their reason is what we call their reason (vw 30f., 110f.).nsuch first-person authority applies even to reasons given for one’s past actions. one knows what one was going to say or wanted to say, and yet one does not read it off from some mental process which took place then and which one remembers (pi {s}637). words do not report what happened on that occasion, they are a conditional statement about the past, a reaction to what i remember of the situation (pi {s}{s}648, 657, 659, 684). we ask people for their reasons, and given that (a) the agent’s claim as to his reason is sincere and not in conflict with what he expressed (by words or deeds, including the action in question) at other times, and (b) that reason was a fact of which the agent was aware and not a supposed fact which the agent did not believe to (or knew not to) obtain, we accept the avowed reasons, which provide us with an insight into the agent’s character. n”

“Clearly and engagingly written, this volume is vital reading for those interested in philosophy and sociology, and in wittgenstein’s later thought. david bloor provides a challenging and informative evaluation of wittgenstein’s account of rules and rule-following. arguing for a collectivist reading, bloor offers the first consistent sociological interpretation of wittgenstein’s work for many years.”

“The article focuses on economist piero sraffa and his relationship with and influence on philosopher ludwig wittgenstein and marxist theorist antonio gramsci. sraffa’s intellectual impact includes several new explorations in economic theory, including a reassessment of the history of political economy (starting with the work of david ricardo). his economic contributions, particularly his one book, ‘production of commodities by means of commodities: prelude to a critique of economic theory,’ have generated major controversies in economics. even though sraffa was only 29 years old at that time (he was born in turin on august 5th, 1898), he was already well known in britain and italy as a highly original economist. he had obtained a research degree (testi de laurea) from the university of turin in late 1920, with a thesis on monetary economics, but its was an article on the foundations of price theory which he published in 1925 in ‘annali di economia’ (a journal based in milan) that made him a major celebrity in italy and britain. the influence that sraffa had on wittgenstein’s thinking came through a series of regular conversations between the two. it concerned a change in wittgenstein’s philosophical approach in the years following 1929–a change in which conversations with sraffa evidently played a vital role. wittgenstein told a friend (rush rhees, another cambridge philosopher) that the most important thing that sraffa taught him was an ‘anthropological way’ of seeing philosophical problems. antonio gramsci was less reticent that sraffa about writing down his philosophical ideas. after some harrowing experiences of imprisonment, not least in milan, gramsci faced a trial, along with a number of other political prisoners, in rome in the summer of 1928. from february 1929 gramsci was engaged in writing essays and notes that would later be famous as his ‘prison notebooks.’”

“The photo-catalytic degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane (1, 2-dce) using nitrogen-doped tio2 photo-catalysts under fluorescent light irradiation was investigated. highly pure tio2 and nitrogen-doped tio2 were prepared by a sol-gel method and characterized by thermo-gravimetric/differential-thermal analysis (tg/dta), x-ray diffraction (xrd), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (xps), and fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy. the results indicate that the photo-catalysts were mainly nano-size with an anatase-phase structure. the degradation reaction of 1,2-dce was operated under visible-light irradiation, and the photo-catalytic oxidation was conducted in a batch photo-reactor with various nitrogen doping ratios (n/ti = 0-25 mol%). the relative humidity (rh) was controlled at 0-20% and the oxygen concentration was controlled at 0-21%. the photo-degradation with nitrogen-doped tio2 showed superior photo-catalytic activity compared to that for pure tio2. tio2 doped with 15 mol% nitrogen exhibited the best photo-catalytic efficiency under the tested conditions. the products from the 1,2-dce photo-catalytic oxidation were co2 and water; the by-products included dichloromethane, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen chloride. the reaction pathway of 1,2-dce indicates that oxygen molecules are the major factor that causes the degradation of 1,2-dce in the gas phase. ?? 2011 elsevier b.v. all rights reserved.”

“In non-ethical contexts judgments of value (i.e., ‘this is the right way to granchester’) are judgments of relative value, and can be converted to statements of fact. in ethics and religion, we find what appear to be judgments of ‘absolute’ value. all such ‘judgments’ turn out to be incoherent expressions, however. as attempts to say more than facts, they are attempts to go beyond the world, and so beyond the bounds of significant language. (staff)”

“Preliminary studies for the ‘philosophical investigations,’ generally known as the”

“Zettel, an en face bilingual edition, collects fragments from wittgenstein’s work between 1929 and 1948 on issues of the mind, mathematics, and language.”

“This unique study brings together for the first time two of the most important philosophers of this century. never before have these two thinkers been compared – and commentators’ opinions on their relationship differ greatly. are the views of wittgenstein and quine on method and the nature of philosophy comparable or radically opposed? does wittgenstein’s concept of language engender that of quine, or threaten its philosophical foundations? an understanding of the similarities and differences between the thought of wittgenstein and of quine is essential if we are to have a full picture of contemporary philosophy. this collection of essays offers diverse and original ways in which to view their relationship.”

“This lucid and accessible dictionary presents technical terms that wittgenstein introduced into philosophical debate or transformed substantially, and also topics to which he made a substantial contribution. hans-johann glock places wittgenstein’s ideas in their relevance to current debates. the entries delineate wittgenstein’s lines of argument on particular issues, assessing their strengths and weaknesses, and shed light on fundamental exegetical controversies. the dictionary entries are prefaced by a ‘sketch of a intellectual biography’, which links the basic themes of the early and later philosophy and describes the general development of wittgenstein’s thinking. extensive textual references, a detailed index and an annotated bibliography will facilitate further study. authoritative, comprehensive and clear, the volume will be welcomed by anyone with an interest in wittgenstein – his life, work or influence. each blackwell philosopher dictionary presents the life and work of an individual philosopher in a scholarly but accessible manner. entries cover key ideas and thoughts, as well as the main themes of the philosopher’s works. a comprehensive biographical sketch is also included.”

“This book addresses key topics in social theory such as the basic structures of social life, the character of human activity, and the nature of individuality. drawing on the work of wittgenstein, the author develops an account of social existence that argues that social practices are the fundamental phenomenon in social life. this approach offers new insight into the social formation of individuals, surpassing and critiquing the existing practice theories of bourdieu, giddens, lyotard, and oakeshott.”

“Perhaps the most important work of philosophy written in the twentieth century, tractatus logico-philosophicus was the only philosophical work that ludwig wittgenstein published during his lifetime. written in short, carefully numbered paragraphs of extreme brilliance, it captured the imagination of a generation of philosophers. for wittgenstein, logic was something we use to conquer a reality which is in itself both elusive and unobtainable. he famously summarized the book in the following words: ‘What can be said at all can be said clearly; and what we cannot talk about we must pass over in silence.’ david pears and brian mcguinness received the highest praise for their meticulous translation. the work is prefaced by bertrand russell’s original introduction to the first english edition.”

“Wittgenstein (1968) endorsed one kind of inverted spectrum hypothesis and rejected another. this paper argues that the kind of inverted spectrum hypothesis that wittgenstein endorsed (the innocuous inverted spectrum hypothesis) is the thin end of the wedge that precludes a wittgensteinian critique of the kind of inverted spectrum hypothesis he rejected (the dangerous kind). the danger of the dangerous kind is that it provides an argument for qualia, where qualia are (for the purposes of this paper) contents of experiential states which cannot be fully captured in public language. i will pinpoint the difference between the innocuous and dangerous scenarios that matters for the argument for qualia, give arguments in favor of the coherence and possibility of the dangerous scenario, and try to show that some standard arguments against qualia are ineffective against the version of the dangerous scenario i will be advocating. one of the two arguments for qualia i will give is a shifted spectrum argument that is much less controversial than the version i gave in block (1999), and the other argument for qualia is an inverted spectrum argument that is much less controversial than the one i gave in block (1990). the inverted spectrum argument is much less controversial because it does not require a behaviorally indistinguishable spectrum inversion. wittgensteins views provide a convenient starting point for a paper that is much more about qualia than about wittgenstein.”

“This paper originated in an attempt to respond to simon blackburn’s lsquorule-following and moral realismrsquo, in steven holtzman and christopher leich (eds.), wittgenstein: to follow a rule, routledge and kegan paul, london, boston and henley, 1981, pp. 163187; i was stimulated also, in writing the first draft, by an unpublished paper of blackburn’s called lsquorule-followingrsquo. i have been greatly helped by comments on the first draft from margaret gilbert, susan hurley, saul kripke, david lewis, christopher peacocke, philip pettit, david wiggins, and crispin wright, who also kindly let me see a draft of his lsquokripke’s wittgensteinrsquo, a paper presented to the seventh wittgenstein symposium at kirchberg, austria, in august 1982, and forthcoming in the journal of philosophy.”