www.cognitive-liberty.online

Aldous Leonard Huxley (1962)

The ultimate Revolution

California, Berkeley Language Center

Adapted from: Speech Archive SA 0269

Key excerpts in the context of cognitive liberty & psychological manipulation:

“There will be, in the next generation or so, a pharmacological method of

making people love their servitude, and producing dictatorship without

tears, so to speak, producing a kind of painless concentration camp for entire

societies, so that people will in fact have their liberties taken away from

them, but will rather enjoy it, because they will be distracted from any desire

to rebel by propaganda or brainwashing, or brainwashing enhanced by

pharmacological methods. And this seems to be the final revolution.”

[…]

“If you are going to control any population for any length of time, you must

have some measure of consent. It’s exceedingly difficult to see how pure ter-

rorism can function indefinitely. It can function for a fairly long time, but I

think sooner or later you have to bring in an element of persuasion, an ele-

ment of getting people to consent to what is happening to them.

Well, it seems to me that the nature of The Ultimate Revolution with which

we are now faced is precisely this: That we are in process of developing a

whole series of techniques, which will enable the controlling oligarchy who

have always existed and presumably always will exist, to get people, actually,

to love their servitude.”

This lecture was delivered on the 20

of March 1962 at the Berkeley Language Center. The recording of the lecture can be

found on the internet in the Aldous Huxley Papers of the UCLA Library Digital Collections as tape 157a and questions and

answers as tape 157b.

URL to collection:

http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz00253vz2&maxPageItems=999

URL of recording - tape 157a:

http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem .do?ark=21198/ zz00 2b14 14

URL of recording - t a p e 157b :

http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002b140m

For further information see: https://cognitive-liberty.online/?s=huxley

HTML5 document created by Dr. Christopher B. Germann (2 0 19)

Mar ie Cur ie Alumnus / PhD, MSc, BSc

https://cognovo.net/christopher-germann

www.cognitive-liberty.online

Moderator:

{garbled} Aldous Huxley, a renowned Essayist and Novelist who during the

spring semester is residing at the university in his capacity of a Ford research

professor. Mr Huxley has recently returned from a conference at the Insti-

tute for the study of Democratic Institutions in Santa Barbara where the dis-

cussion focused on the development of new techniques by which to control

and direct human behavior.

Traditionally it has been possible to suppress individual freedom through

the application of physical coercion through the appeal of ideologies

through the manipulation of man's physical and social environment and

more recently through the techniques, the cruder techniques of psychologi-

cal conditioning. The Ultimate Revolution, about which Mr.

Huxley will speak today, concerns itself with the development of new behav-

ioral controls, which operate directly on the psycho-physiological organisms

of man. That is the capacity to replace external constraint by internal com-

pulsions. As those of us who are familiar with Mr. Huxley's works will know,

this is a subject of which he has been concerned for quite a period of time.

Mr. Huxley will make a presentation of approximately half an hour followed

by some brief discussions and questions by the two panelists sitting to my

left, Mrs. Lillian {garbled} and Mr. John Post. Now Mr. Huxley

Huxley:

Thank You.

{Applause}

Uh, First of all, the, I'd like to say, that the conference at Santa Barbara was

not directly concerned with the control of the mind. That was a conference,

there have been two of them now, at the University of California Medical

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center in San Francisco, one this year which I didn't attend, and one two

years ago where there was a considerable discussion on this subject. At Santa

Barbara we were talking about technology in general and the effects it's likely

to have on society and the problems related to technological transplanting of

technology into underdeveloped countries.

Well now in regard to this problem of the ultimate revolution, this has been

very well summed up by the moderator. In the past we can say that all revo-

lutions have essentially aimed at changing the environment in order to

change the individual. I mean there's been the political revolution, the eco-

nomic revolution, in the time of the reformation, the religious revolution.

All these aimed, not directly at the human being, but at his surroundings. So

that by modifying the surroundings you did achieve, did one remove the ef-

fect of the human being.

Today we are faced, I think, with the approach of what may be called the ul-

timate revolution, the final revolution, where man can act directly on the

mind-body of his fellows. Well needless to say some kind of direct action on

human mind-bodies has been going on since the beginning of time. But this

has generally been of a violent nature. The Techniques of terrorism have

been known from time immemorial and people have employed them with

more or less ingenuity sometimes with the utmost cruelty, sometimes with a

good deal of skill acquired by a process of trial and error finding out what

the best ways of using torture, imprisonment, constraints of various kinds.

But, as, I think it was (sounds like Mettenicht) said many years ago, you can

do everything with {garbled} except sit on them. If you are going to control

any population for any length of time, you must have some measure of con-

sent, it's exceedingly difficult to see how pure terrorism can function indefi-

nitely. It can function for a fairly long time, but I think sooner or later you

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have to bring in an element of persuasion an element of getting people to

consent to what is happening to them.

It seems to me that the nature of the ultimate revolution with which we are

now faced is precisely this: That we are in process of developing a whole se-

ries of techniques which will enable the controlling oligarchy who have al-

ways existed and presumably will always exist to get people to love their ser-

vitude. This is the, it seems to me, the ultimate in malevolent revolutions

shall we say, and this is a problem which has interested me many years and

about which I wrote thirty years ago, a fable, Brave New World, which is an

account of society making use of all the devices available and some of the

devices which I imagined to be possible making use of them in order to, first

of all, to standardize the population, to iron out inconvenient human differ-

ences, to create, to say, mass produced models of human beings arranged in

some sort of scientific caste system. Since then, I have continued to be ex-

tremely interested in this problem and I have noticed with increasing dismay

a number of the predictions which were purely fantastic when I made them

thirty years ago have come true or seem in process of coming true.

A number of techniques about which I talked seem to be here already. And

there seems to be a general movement in the direction of this kind of ulti-

mate revolution, a method of control by which a people can be made to en-

joy a state of affairs by which any decent standard they ought not to enjoy.

This, the enjoyment of servitude, Well this process is, as I say, has gone on

for over the years, and I have become more and more interested in what is

happening.

And here I would like briefly to compare the parable of Brave New World

with another parable which was put forth more recently in George Orwell's

book, Nineteen Eighty- Four. Orwell wrote his book between, I think be-

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tween 45 and 48 at the time when the Stalinist terror regime was still in Full

swing and just after the collapse of the Hitlerian terror regime. And his book

which I admire greatly, it's a book of very great talent and extraordinary in-

genuity, shows, so to say, a projection into the future of the immediate past,

of what for him was the immediate past, and the immediate present, it was a

projection into the future of a society where control was exercised wholly by

terrorism and violent attacks upon the mind-body of individuals.

Whereas my own book which was written in 1932 when there was only a

mild dictatorship in the form of Mussolini in existence, was not overshad-

owed by the idea of terrorism, and I was therefore free in a way in which

Orwell was not free, to think about these other methods of control, these

non-violent methods and my, I'm inclined to think that the scientific dicta-

torships of the future, and I think there are going to be scientific dictator-

ships in many parts of the world, will be probably a good deal nearer to the

brave new world pattern than to the 1984 pattern, they will a good deal

nearer not because of any humanitarian qualms of the scientific dictators

but simply because the BNW pattern is probably a good deal more efficient

than the other.

That if you can get people to consent to the state of affairs in which they're

living. The state of servitude the state of being, having their differences

ironed out, and being made amenable to mass production methods on the so-

cial level, if you can do this, then you have, you are likely, to have a much

more stable and lasting society. Much more easily controllable society than

you would if you were relying wholly on clubs and firing squads and concen-

tration camps. So that my own feeling is that the 1984 picture was tinged of

course by the immediate past and present in which Orwell was living, but the

past and present of those years does not reflect, I feel, the likely trend of what

is going to happen, needless to say we shall never get rid of terrorism, it will

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always find its way to the surface.

But I think that insofar as dictators become more and more scientific, more

and more concerned with the technically perfect, perfectly running society,

they will be more and more interested in the kind of techniques which I im-

agined and described from existing realities in BNW. So that, it seems to me

then, that this ultimate revolution is not really very far away, that we, already

a number of techniques for bringing about this kind of control are here, and

it remains to be seen when and where and by whom they will first be applied

in any large scale.

And first let me talk about the, a little bit about the, improvement in the

techniques of terrorism. I think there have been improvements. Pavlov after

all made some extremely profound observations both on animals and on

human beings. And he found among other things that conditioning tech-

niques applied to animals or humans in a state either of psychological or

physical stress sank in so to say, very deeply into the mind-body of the crea-

ture, and were extremely difficult to get rid of. That they seemed to be em-

bedded more deeply than other forms of conditioning.

And this of course, this fact was discovered empirically in the past. People

did make use of many of these techniques, but the difference between the

old empirical intuitive methods and our own methods is the difference be-

tween the, a sort of, hit and miss craftsman's point of view and the genuinely

scientific point of view. I think there is a real difference between ourselves

and say the inquisitors of the 16th century. We know much more precisely

what we are doing, than they knew and we can extend because of our theo-

retical knowledge, we can extend what we are doing over a wider area with a

greater assurance of being producing something that really works.

In this context I would like to mention the extremely interesting chapters in

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Dr. William (sounds like Seargent's) Battle for the Mind where he points out

how intuitively some of the great religious teachers/leaders of the past hit on

the Pavlovian method, he speaks specifically of Wesley's method of produc-

ing conversions which were essentially based on the technique of heighten-

ing psychological stress to the limit by talking about hellfire and so making

people extremely vulnerable to suggestion and then suddenly releasing this

stress by offering hopes of heaven and this is a very interesting chapter of

showing how completely on purely intuitive and empirical grounds a skilled

natural psychologist, as Wesley was, could discover these Pavlovian methods.

Well, as I say, we now know the reason why these techniques worked and

there's no doubt at all that we can if we wanted to, carry them much further

than was possible in the past. And of course in the history of, recent history

of brainwashing, both as applied to prisoners of war and to the lower per-

sonnel within the communist party in China, we see that the pavlovian

methods have been applied systematically and with evidently with extraor-

dinary efficacy. I think there can be no doubt that by the application of these

methods a very large army of totally devoted people has been created. The

conditioning has been driven in, so to say, by a kind of psychological ionto-

phoresis into the very depths of the people's being, and has got so deep that

it's very difficult to ever be rooted out, and these methods, I think, are a real

refinement on the older methods of terror because they combine methods

of terror with methods of acceptance that the person who is subjected to a

form of terroristic stress but for the purpose of inducing a kind of voluntary

quotes acceptance of the state the psychological state in which he has been

driven and the state of affairs in which he finds himself.

So there is, as I say, there has been a definite improvement in the, even in

the techniques of terrorism. But then we come to the consideration of other

techniques, non-terroristic techniques, for inducing consent and inducing

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people to love their servitude. Here, I don't think I can possibly go into all of

them, because I don't know all of them, but I mean I can mention the more

obvious methods, which can now be used and are based on recent scientific

findings. First of all there are the methods connected with straight sugges-

tion and hypnosis.

I think we know much more about this subject than was known in the past.

People of course, always have known about suggestion, and although they

didn't know the word 'hypnosis' they certainly practiced it in various ways.

But we have, I think, a much greater knowledge of the subject than in the

past, and we can make use of our knowledge in ways, which I think the past

was never able to make use of it. For example, one of the things we now

know for certain, that there is of course an enormous, I mean this has always

been known a very great difference between individuals in regard to their

suggestibility. But we now know pretty clearly the sort of statistical structure

of a population in regard to its suggestibility. Its very interesting when you

look at the findings of different fields, I mean the field of hypnosis, the field

of administering placebos, for example, in the field of general suggestion in

states of drowsiness or light sleep you will find the same sorts of orders of

magnitude continually cropping up.

You'll find for example that the experienced hypnotist will tell one that the

number of people, the percentage of people who can be hypnotized with the

utmost facility (snaps), just like that. is about 20%, and about a corresponding

number at the other end of the scale are very, very difficult or almost impos-

sible to hypnotize. But in between lies a large mass of people who can with

more or less difficulty be hypnotized, that they can gradually be if you work

hard enough at it be got into the hypnotic state, and in the same way the

same sort of figures crop up again, for example in relation to the administra-

tion of placebos.

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A big experiment was carried out three of four years ago in the general hos-

pital in Boston on post-operative cases where several hundred men and

woman suffering comparable kinds of pain after serious operations were al-

lowed to, were given injections whenever they asked for them whenever the

pain got bad, and the injections were 50% of the time were of morphine, and

50% of water. And about twenty percent of those who went through the ex-

periment, about 20% of them got just as much relief from the distilled waters

as from the morphea. About 20% got no relief from the distilled water, and

in- between were those who got some relief or got relief occasionally.

So yet again, we see the same sort of distribution, and similarly in regard to

what in BNW I called Hypnopedia, the sleep teaching, I was talking not long

ago to a man who manufactures records which people can listen to in the,

during the light part of sleep, I mean these are records for getting rich, for

sexual satisfaction (crowd laughs), for confidence in salesmanship and so on,

and he said that its very interesting that these are records sold on a money-

back basis, and he says there is regularly between 15% and 20% of people who

write indignantly saying the records don't work at all, and he sends the mon-

ey back at once. There are on the other hand, there are over 20% who write

enthusiastically saying they are much richer, their sexual life is much better

(laughter) etc, etc. And these of course are the dream clients and they buy

more of these records. And in between there are those who don't get much

results and they have to have letters written to them saying "Go persist my

dear, go on" (laughter) and you will get there, and they generally do get re-

sults in the long run.

Well, as I say, on the basis of this, I think we see quite clearly that the human

populations can be categorized according to their suggestibility fairly clear-

ly,. I suspect very strongly that this twenty percent is the same in all these

cases, and I suspect also that it would not be at all difficult to recognize and

{garbled} out who are those who are extremely suggestible and who are those

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extremely unsuggestible and who are those who occupy the intermediate

space. Quite clearly, if everybody were extremely unsuggestible organized

society would be quite impossible, and if everybody were extremely suggest-

ible then a dictatorship would be absolutely inevitable. I mean it's very for-

tunate that we have people who are moderately suggestible in the majority

and who therefore preserve us from dictatorship but do permit organized

society to be formed.

But, once given the fact that there are these 20% of highly suggestible people,

it becomes quite clear that this is a matter of enormous political importance,

for example, any demagogue who is able to get hold of a large number of

these 20% of suggestible people and to organize them is really in a position to

overthrow any government in any country.

And I mean, I think this after all, we had the most incredible example in re-

cent years by what can be done by efficient methods of suggestion and per-

suasion in the form of Hitler. Anyone who has read, for example, (Sounds like

Bulloch's) Life of Hitler, comes forth with this horrified admiration for this

infernal genius, who really understood human weaknesses I think almost bet-

ter than anybody and who exploited them with all the resources then availa-

ble. I mean he knew everything, for example, he knew intuitively this pavlo-

vian truth that condition installed in a state of stress or fatigue goes much

deeper than conditioning installed at other times. This of course is why all his

big speeches were organized at night. He speaks quite frankly, of course, in

Mein Kampf, this is done solely because people are tired at night and there-

fore much less capable of resisting persuasion than they would be during the

day. And in all his techniques he was using, he had discovered intuitively and

by trial and error a great many of the weaknesses, which we now know about

on a sort of scientific way I think much more clearly than he did.

But the fact remains that this differential of suggestibility this susceptibility

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to hypnosis I do think is something which has to be considered very careful-

ly in relation to any kind of thought about democratic government . If there

are 20% of the people who really can be suggested into believing almost any-

thing, then we have to take extremely careful steps into prevent the rise of

demagogues who will drive them on into extreme positions then organize

them into very, very dangerous armies, private armies which may overthrow

the government.

This is, I say, in this field of pure persuasion, I think we do know much more

than we did in the past, and obviously we now have mechanisms for multi-

plying the demagogues voice and image in a quite hallucinatory way, I mean,

the TV and radio, Hitler was making enormous use of the radio, he could

speak to millions of people simultaneously. This alone creates an enormous

gulf between the modern and the ancient demagogue. The ancient dema-

gogue could only appeal to as many people as his voice could reach by yell-

ing at his utmost, but the modern demagogue could touch literally millions

at a time, and of course by the multiplication of his image he can produce

this kind of hallucinatory effect which is of enormous hypnotic and sugges-

tive importance.

But then there are the various other methods one can think of which, thank

heaven, as yet have not be used, but which obviously could be used. There

is for example, the pharmacological method, this is one of the things I

talked about in BNW. I invented a hypothetical drug called SOMA, which of

course could not exist as it stood there because it was simultaneously a

stimulant, a narcotic, and a hallucinogen, which seems unlikely in one sub-

stance. But the point is, if you applied several different substances you

could get almost all these results even now, and the really interesting things

about the new chemical substances, the new mind-changing drugs is this, if

you looking back into history its clear that man has always had a hankering

after mind changing chemicals, he has always desired to take holidays from

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himself, but the, and, this is the most extraordinary effect of all that every

natural occurring narcotic stimulant, sedative, or hallucinogen, was discov-

ered before the dawn of history, I don't think there is one single one of

these naturally occurring ones which modern science has discovered.

Modern science has of course better ways of extracting the active principals

of these drugs and of course has discovered numerous ways of synthesizing

new substances of extreme power, but the actual discovery of these natural-

ly occurring things was made by primitive man goodness knows how many

centuries ago. There is for example, in the underneath the, lake dwellings of

the early Neolithic that have been dug up in Switzerland we have found

poppy-heads, which looks as though people were already using this most

ancient and powerful and dangerous of narcotics, even before the days of

the rise of agriculture. So that man was apparently a dope-bag addict before

he was a farmer, which is a very curious comment on human nature.

But, the difference, as I say, between the ancient mind-changers, the tradi-

tional mind- changers, and the new substances is that they were extremely

harmful and the new ones are not. I mean even the permissible mind-

changer alcohol is not entirely harmless, as people may have noticed, and I

mean the other ones, the non-permissible ones, such as opium and cocaine,

opium and its derivatives, are very harmful indeed.

They rapidly produce addiction, and in some cases lead at an extraordinary

rate to physical degeneration and death.

Whereas these new substances, this is really very extraordinary, that a num-

ber of these new mind-changing substances can produce enormous revolu-

tions within the mental side of our being, and yet do almost nothing to the

physiological side. You can have an enormous revolution, for example, with

LSD-25 or with the newly synthesized drug psilocybin, which is the active

principal of the Mexican sacred mushroom. You can have this enormous

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mental revolution with no more physiological revolution than you would

get from drinking two cocktails. And this is a really most extraordinary ef-

fect.

And it is of course true that pharmacologists are producing a great many

new wonder drugs where the cure is almost worse than the disease. Every

year the new edition of medical textbooks contains a longer and longer

chapter of what are Iatrogenic diseases, that is to say diseases caused by doc-

tors (laughter} And this is quite true, many of the wonder drugs are ex-

tremely dangerous. I mean they can produce extraordinary effects, and in

critical conditions they should certainly be used, but they should be used

with the utmost caution. But there is evidently a whole class of drugs effect-

ing the CNS which can produce enormous changes in sedation in euphoria

in energizing the whole mental process without doing any perceptible harm

to the human body, and this presents to me the most extraordinary revolu-

tion. In the hands of a dictator these substances in one kind or the other

could be used with, first of all, complete harmlessness, and the result would

be, you can imagine a euphoric that would make people thoroughly happy

even in the most abominable circumstances.

I mean these things are possible. This is the extraordinary thing, I mean af-

ter all this is even true with the crude old drugs. I mean, a housemate years

ago remarked after reading Milton's Paradise Lost, He Says "And beer does

more than Milton can to justify God's ways to man" (laughter). And beer is

of course, an extremely crude drug compared to these ones. And you can

certainly say that some of the psychic energizers and the new hallucinants

could do incomparably more than Milton and all the Theologicians com-

bined could possibly do to make the terrifying mystery of our existence

seem more tolerable than it does. And here I think one has an enormous ar-

ea in which the ultimate revolution could function very well indeed, an area

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in which a great deal of control could be used by not through terror, but by

making life seem much more enjoyable than it normally does. Enjoyable to

the point, where as I said before, Human beings come to love a state of

things by which any reasonable and decent human standard they ought not

to love and this I think is perfectly possible.

But then, very briefly, let me speak about one of the more recent develop-

ments in the sphere of neurology, about the implantation of electrodes in

the brain. This of course has been done in the large scale in animals and in a

few cases its been done in the cases of the hopelessly insane. And anybody

who has watched the behavior of rats with electrodes placed in different cen-

ters must come away from this experience with the most extraordinary

doubts about what on Earth is in store for us if this is got a hold of by a dicta-

tor. I saw not long ago some rats in the {garbled} laboratory at UCLA there

were two sets of them, one with electrodes planted in the pleasure center,

and the technique was they had a bar which they pressed which turned on a

very small current for a short space of time which we had a wire connected

with that electrode and which stimulated the pleasure center and was evi-

dently absolutely ecstatic was these rats were pressing the bar 18,000 times a

day (laughter). Apparently if you kept them from pressing the bar for a day,

they'd press it 36,000 times on the following day and would until they fell

down in complete exhaustion (laughter) And they would neither eat, nor be

interested in the opposite sex but would just go on pressing this bar {pounds

on podium}

Then the most extraordinary rats were those were the electrode was planted

halfway between the pleasure and the pain center. The result was a kind of

mixture of the most wonderful ecstasy and like being on the rack at the same

time. And you would see the rats sort of looking at is bar and sort of saying

"To be or not to be that is the question". (Laughter) Finally it would approach

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{Pounds on podium} and go back with this awful I mean, the (sounds like

franken huminizer anthropomorphizer), and he would wait some time before

pressing the bar again, yet he would always press it again. This was the ex-

traordinary thing.

I noticed in the most recent issue of Scientific American there's a very inter-

esting article on electrodes in the brains of chickens, where the technique is

very ingenious, where you sink into their brains a little socket with a screw

on it and the electrode can then be screwed deeper and deeper into the

brainstem and you can test at any moment according to the depth, which

goes at fractions of the mm, what you're stimulating and these creatures are

not merely stimulated by wire, they're fitted with a miniature radio receiver

which weighs less than an ounce which is attached to them so that they can

be communicated with at a distance, I mean they can run about in the barn-

yard and you could press a button and this particular area of the brain to

which the electrode has been screwed down to would be stimulated. You

would get this fantastic phenomena, where a sleeping chicken would jump

up and run about, or an active chicken would suddenly sit down and go to

sleep, or a hen would sit down and act like she's hatching out an egg, or a

fighting rooster would go into depression.

The whole picture of the absolute control of the drives is terrifying, and in

the few cases in which this has been done with very sick human beings, The

effects are evidently very remarkable too, I was talking last summer in Eng-

land to Grey Walter, who is the most eminent exponent of the EEG tech-

nique in England, and he was telling me that he's seen hopeless inmates at

asylums with these things in their heads, and these people were suffering

from uncontrollable depression, and they had these electrodes inserted into

the pleasure center in their brain, however when they felt too bad, they just

pressed a button on the battery in their pocket and he said the results were

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fantastic, the mouth pointing down would suddenly turn up and they'd feel

very cheerful and happy. So there again one sees the most extraordinary

revolutionary techniques, which are now available to us.

Now, I think what is obviously perfectly clear is that for the present these

techniques are not being used except in an experimental way, but I think it is

important for us to realize what is happening to make ourselves acquainted

with what has already happened, and then use a certain amount of imagina-

tion to extrapolate into the future the sort of things that might happen. What

might happen if these fantastically powerful techniques were used by unscru-

pulous people in authority, what on Earth would happen, what sort of society

would we get?

And I think it is peculiarly important because as one sees when looking back

over history we have allowed in the past all those advances in technology

which has profoundly changed our social and individual life to take us by

surprise, I mean it seems to me that it was during the late 18 century early

19th century when the new machines were making possible the factory situa-

tion. It was not beyond the wit of man to see what was happening and pro-

ject into the future and maybe forestall the really dreadful consequences

which plagued England and most of western Europe and this country for six-

ty or seventy years, and the horrible abuses of the factory system and if a

certain amount of forethought had been devoted to the problem at that time

and if people had first of all found out what was happening and then used

their imagination to see what might happen, and then had gone on to work

out the means by which the worst applications of the techniques would not

take place, well then I think western humanity might have been spared about

three generations of utter misery which had been imposed on the poor at

that time.

And the same way with various technological advances now, I mean we need

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to think about the problems with automation and more profoundly the

problems, which may arise with these new techniques, which may contrib-

ute to this ultimate revolution. Our business is to be aware of what is hap-

pening, and then to use our imagination to see what might happen, how this

might be abused, and then if possible to see that the enormous powers

which we now possess thanks to these scientific and technological advances

to be used for the benefit of human beings and not for their degradation.

Thank You

{Applause}

End

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