U.S. Special Operations Command, responsible for some of the country’s most secretive military endeavors, is gearing up to conduct internet propaganda and deception campaigns online using deepfake videos, according to federal contracting documents. The plans, which also describe hacking internet-connected devices to eavesdrop in order to assess foreign populations’ susceptibility to propaganda, come at a time of intense global debate over technologically sophisticated “disinformation” campaigns, their effectiveness, and the ethics of their use.
The term "Need for Cognition" (NFC) is a concept in psychology that refers to an individual's inherent motivation or desire to engage in cognitive activities such as thinking, problem-solving, and information processing. It represents the extent to which an individual enjoys and values thinking and intellectual activities. Need for Cognition can be explained in psychological terms as follows:
Individual Differences: Need for Cognition is considered an individual difference variable, meaning that it varies from person to person. Some individuals have a high need for cognition, while others have a low need for cognition.
Motivation for Cognitive Effort: People with a high Need for Cognition are intrinsically motivated to engage in cognitive tasks. They find intellectual challenges enjoyable and are willing to invest effort in thinking critically, analyzing information, and exploring complex problems.
Information Processing: Individuals with a high NFC tend to process information more deeply and thoroughly. They are more likely to scrutinize details, consider various perspectives, and weigh the pros and cons of different options.
Problem Solving: Need for Cognition is associated with a greater willingness to engage in problem-solving activities. Those with a high NFC are more likely to seek out information, generate potential solutions, and carefully evaluate their choices.
Learning and Knowledge Acquisition: People with a high NFC are often more inclined to seek out knowledge and are more open to learning. They are curious and interested in expanding their understanding of the world.
Influence on Decision Making: Need for Cognition can impact decision-making processes. Those with a high NFC may be more deliberative and less influenced by heuristics or cognitive shortcuts. They prefer to analyze the information thoroughly before making decisions.
Effects on Persuasion: In the context of persuasive communication, individuals with a high NFC are less likely to be influenced by superficial or emotional appeals. They are more persuaded by well-reasoned and logically sound arguments.
Cognitive Satisfaction: Engaging in cognitive tasks and activities provides satisfaction and fulfillment for individuals with a high NFC. They often derive a sense of accomplishment from intellectual pursuits.
In psychological research, Need for Cognition is often measured using self-report scales that assess an individual's preferences for thinking and problem-solving. The concept has been studied in various contexts, including cognitive psychology, social psychology, and consumer behavior.
Understanding an individual's Need for Cognition can provide insights into their cognitive style and preferences, which can be valuable in educational settings, marketing, and understanding how people process information and make decisions.
Subtitle: Electromagnetic signals from cell phones can change your brainwaves and behavior. But don’t break out the aluminum foil head shield just yet.
A Systematic Review of Autopsy Findings in Deaths after COVID-19 Vaccination
48 Pages Posted: 5 Jul 2023
Nicolas Hulscher
University of Michigan at Ann Arbor – School of Public Health
Paul E. Alexander
Government of the United States of America – Department of Health and Human Services
Richard Amerling
Wellness Company
Heather Gessling
Roger Hodkinson
William Makis
CancerControl Alberta – Alberta Health Services
Harvey A. Risch
Yale School of Public Health
Mark Trozzi
Peter A. McCullough
Abstract
Background: The rapid development and widespread deployment of COVID-19 vaccines, combined with a high number of adverse event reports, have led to concerns over possible mechanisms of injury including systemic lipid nanoparticle (LNP) and mRNA distribution, spike protein-associated tissue damage, thrombogenicity, immune system dysfunction, and carcinogenicity. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate possible causal links between COVID-19 vaccine administration and death using autopsies and post-mortem analysis.
Methods: We searched for all published autopsy and necropsy reports relating to COVID-19 vaccination up until May 18th, 2023. We initially identified 678 studies and, after screening for our inclusion criteria, included 44 papers that contained 325 autopsy cases and one necropsy case. Three physicians independently reviewed all deaths and determined whether COVID-19 vaccination was the direct cause or contributed significantly to death.
Findings: The most implicated organ system in COVID-19 vaccine-associated death was the cardiovascular system (53%), followed by the hematological system (17%), the respiratory system (8%), and multiple organ systems (7%). Three or more organ systems were affected in 21 cases. The mean time from vaccination to death was 14.3 days. Most deaths occurred within a week from last vaccine administration. A total of 240 deaths (73.9%) were independently adjudicated as directly due to or significantly contributed to by COVID-19 vaccination.
Interpretation: The consistency seen among cases in this review with known COVID-19 vaccine adverse events, their mechanisms, and related excess death, coupled with autopsy confirmation and physician-led death adjudication, suggests there is a high likelihood of a causal link between COVID-19 vaccines and death in most cases. Further urgent investigation is required for the purpose of clarifying our findings.
Funding: None.
Declaration of Interest: Drs Alexander, Amerling, Hodkinson, Makis, McCullough, Risch, Trozzi are affiliated with and receive salary support and or hold equity positions in The Wellness Company, Boca Raton, FL which had no role in funding, analysis, or publication.
Keywords: autopsy, necropsy, COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccines, mRNA, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, death, excess mortality, spike protein, organ system
Suggested Citation:
Hulscher, Nicolas and Alexander, Paul E. and Amerling, Richard and Gessling, Heather and Hodkinson, Roger and Makis, William and Risch, Harvey A. and Trozzi, Mark and McCullough, Peter A., A Systematic Review of Autopsy Findings in Deaths after COVID-19 Vaccination. Available at SSRN: ssrn.com/abstract=4496137 or dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4496137
Translation of the associated Wikipedia entry (thus with a grain of salt): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Finders_(movement) Die Finders waren eine absichtliche Gemeinschaft und eine Sekte, die in den frühen 1970er Jahren vom ehemaligen Air Force Master Sergeant Marion Pettie (1920-2003[1]) in Washington, D.C. gegründet wurde.
Verhaftungsfall 1987
Die Finder wurden einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit bekannt, als zwei Mitglieder der Bewegung 1987 in Tallahassee, Florida, verhaftet und wegen Kindesmissbrauchs an den sechs sie begleitenden Kindern angeklagt wurden, nachdem die beiden Männer geschwiegen hatten, als die Polizei sie in einem öffentlichen Park nach ihrer Identität und ihrer Beziehung zu den Kindern fragte.[2] Bei den Männern handelte es sich um Douglas Ammerman und James Michael Holwell, die beide als “gut gekleidete Männer in Anzügen” beschrieben wurden. Sie benutzten einen Lieferwagen, um “sechs schmuddelige, hungrige Kinder” unterschiedlichen Alters zu transportieren. Das Alter der Kinder lag zwischen 2 und 11 Jahren[3].
Die beiden ältesten Kinder, die als “Mary” und “Max” bezeichnet wurden, wurden von den Strafverfolgungsbehörden befragt, da die anderen zu jung waren, um sich richtig zu verständigen. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die medizinischen Untersuchungen der Kinder Anzeichen von sexuellem Missbrauch und Unterernährung sowie Bisswunden aufwiesen, die möglicherweise von einem erwachsenen Menschen stammten. Bei der Befragung sowie durch Augenzeugenberichte von Nachbarn wurde festgestellt, dass die Kinder auf einem Bauernhof, der Pettie gehörte, mit wenig Aufsicht durch Erwachsene aufgewachsen waren. Die jüngeren Kinder zeigten Verhaltensweisen, die darauf hindeuteten, dass sie nicht daran gewöhnt waren, in einem Haus zu leben oder die Sanitäranlagen im Haus zu benutzen, sie verlangten nach draußen zu gehen, um auf die Toilette zu gehen, oder urinierten in ihre Hosen (es wurde festgestellt, dass sie keine Unterwäsche trugen). “Max” hatte ein schlechtes Zeitverständnis. Sie erklärten, dass sie von ihren Müttern “entwöhnt” wurden und nur selten das Haus betreten und sogar draußen schlafen durften. Nachbarn beobachteten, dass die Kinder offenbar auf dem Wassermelonenfeld der Farm lebten. Mary beschrieb Ammerman und Holwell als ihre “Lehrer”, die ihnen das Lesen und “Spielen” beibrachten. Bei einem Spiel ging es darum, einen Mann zu entkleiden, seine Kleidung zu tragen und seine Taschen nach Geld zu durchsuchen (später revidierte sie ihre Aussage und behauptete, dass nur Jacken im Spiel waren). Die beiden berichteten, weibliche Mitglieder der Sekte nackt gesehen zu haben, und glaubten, dass dies ebenfalls ein Spiel war. Auf die Frage nach “bösen Berührungen” leugnete Mary den sexuellen Missbrauch, wurde aber “sehr zappelig und wollte das Gespräch beenden”. Auf einer anderen Finders-Farm in Virginia registrierten die Ermittler Käfige auf dem Gelände, von denen Zeugen behaupteten, dass sie zum Festhalten von Kindern verwendet wurden. Seit 2022 sind die vollständigen medizinischen und psychologischen Berichte nicht mehr öffentlich einsehbar.[4]
Laut Unterlagen des US-Bezirksgerichts in Washington hatte eine vertrauliche Polizeiquelle den Behörden zuvor mitgeteilt, dass es sich bei den Finders um eine Sekte” handele, die in einem Lagerhaus und einem Doppelhaus in Glover Park, das von den Strafverfolgungsbehörden durchsucht wurde, Gehirnwäsche”-Techniken durchführte. Diese Quelle erzählte, dass sie von den Finders mit Versprechungen von “finanzieller Belohnung und sexueller Befriedigung” angeworben wurde und dass sie von einem Mitglied eingeladen wurde, mit ihnen den Satanismus zu “erforschen”, so die Dokumente. Polizeiquellen zufolge zeigten einige der beschlagnahmten Gegenstände Bilder von Kindern, die anscheinend an “Kultritualen” beteiligt waren. Beamte der US-Zollbehörde sagten, dass zu dem beschlagnahmten Material auch Fotos gehörten, auf denen Kinder zu sehen waren, die an Aderlass-Zeremonien an Tieren beteiligt waren, und ein Foto, das ein Kind in Ketten zeigte.[5] Ein Ermittler stellte während der Ermittlungen fest, dass Dokumente mit detaillierten Anweisungen über Methoden zur Beschaffung von Kindern für nicht näher bezeichnete Zwecke entdeckt wurden (einschließlich der Schwängerung weiblicher Mitglieder der Gemeinschaft, des Kaufs, des Handels und der Entführung), aber weder die Dokumente noch jemand anderes, der davon wusste, konnten später gefunden werden.[4]
Robert Gardner Terrell, dem eines der durchsuchten Grundstücke gehörte, behauptete: “Wir sind vernünftige Leute”, “keine Teufelsanbeter oder Kinderschänder”, und “alles, was wir getan haben, beruhte auf dem Wunsch, dass die Kinder das reichste Leben haben, das sie haben können. Terrell zufolge handelte es sich bei den sichergestellten Fotos von nackten Kindern um Holwells eigene Kinder, und die toten Ziegen, die auf den von der Zollbehörde erwähnten Fotos zu sehen sind, wurden bereits geschlachtet, wobei den Kindern beigebracht wurde, wie man sie zubereitet.[6] Die Männer wurden sechs Wochen später freigelassen, und der Staat Florida ließ alle Anklagen gegen sie fallen.
Der Anführer der Finders, Robert Terrell, versammelte sich öffentlich mit Mitgliedern im Vietnam Memorial Park in Tallahassee, um mit Vertretern der Presse zu sprechen und der Öffentlichkeit die Möglichkeit zu geben, die Gruppe persönlich kennenzulernen, um “das schlechte Image zu zerstreuen, das der Gruppe von den Strafverfolgungsbehörden und den Medien verliehen wurde”[4].
Die Bundesbehörden kamen zu dem Schluss, dass es keine Beweise für kriminelle Aktivitäten gab, und stellten fest, dass man zwar mehr für die Kinder hätte tun können, dass es aber schwierig war, genaue Informationen zusammenzustellen, da das, was man über ihren Lebensstil wusste, nur subjektiv beurteilt werden konnte.[4] Die Behörden nahmen Kontakt zu den Müttern der Kinder auf, die nach Tallahassee kamen und sie abholten.[3]
Anschuldigungen gegen die Sekte
Trotz dieses Beschlusses wurde die Angelegenheit 1993 einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit bekannt, als Henry T. “Skip” Clements, ein in Stuart, Florida, ansässiger Berater im Privatsektor, eine Kopie des Berichts von 1987 erhielt, in dem es hieß, dass die Ermittlungen des DC Police Department gegen die Finders als “interne Angelegenheit der CIA” eingestellt worden waren. Clements behauptete, die Central Intelligence Agency habe die US-Zollbehörde gezwungen, die Ermittlungen einzustellen, weil die Kommune angeblich als Fassade für die Ausbildung von Agenten diente. Clements’ Behauptungen erregten das Interesse der beiden US-Kongressmitglieder Tom Lewis und Charlie Rose, was zu einer Untersuchung des Justizministeriums über die Finders und die Untersuchung von 1987 führte. [3][7] Der Sprecher der CIA, David Christian, erklärte, dass es sich bei den Anschuldigungen um ein Missverständnis handele, das darauf zurückzuführen sei, dass eine Firma namens Future Enterprises Inc. für die Ausbildung von Agenten genutzt werde und ein Mitglied der Finders dort als Teilzeitbuchhalter arbeite[8][4].
Verschwörungen
Im Jahr 2019 veröffentlichte das FBI Hunderte von Dokumenten im Zusammenhang mit den Finders und vermerkte auf seiner FBI Vault-Website, dass es sich dabei um das am häufigsten nachgefragte Thema handelte.[3] Trotz fehlender Beweise oder Verifizierung durch das Washington, DC Police Department wurde der Glaube, dass diese Berichte auf eine größere Verschwörung hinweisen, in einigen Kreisen populär.
Die Finder werden oft als ein frühes Beispiel für eine satanische Panik in den USA angesehen. Einige Autoren sind sogar so weit gegangen, den Verschwörungsglauben der Finder als “Patient Null” für andere Verschwörungsglauben zu bezeichnen, die sich auf die angebliche Vertuschung oder Beteiligung der US-Geheimdienste an sexuellem Missbrauch beziehen.[9] Ähnliche Behauptungen über eine groß angelegte staatliche Vertuschung finden sich auch in anderen Fällen, wie etwa im Zusammenhang mit dem Tod von Jeffrey Epstein.
Further References
Sofista Lilla Saferia. (2021). Deception in Conversation: The Study of Prince Andew’s Inteview About Jeffrey Epstein Sexual Allegations. English Education:Journal of English Teaching and Research
“Implicature as one of the prominent element of the principles has been developed in lateststudies, mainly the objective as it could be utilitizes to deliberately deceive the listeners onoccasion. previous researches has shown how speaker could deceive listener despite notsay something untrue or lie by categorizing lie is not something that is said but what isimplied in conversation. this study aims to investigate implied meaning and deceivingstatements in conversation. the object of this study is prince andrew’s bbc newsnightinterview about his involvement with convicted sex offender, jeffrey epstein. the data useddocument analysis based on the interview video of prince andrew’s interview with emilymaitlis. the result of this study indicates that prince andrew’s implied statements showdeeper relationship and more involvement with jeffrey epstein than what he was trying tosay in the interview.”
Latson, J.. (2020). The Mind of an Enabler. Psychology Today
Show/hide publication abstract
“Would anyone aid and abet a predator nxivm leader keith raniere was convicted last year of sex trafficking, forced labor, and racketeering in connection with the so-called self-help group that former members say he ran as a cult. in 2003, her husband at the time was arrested on charges of impersonating a doctor and sexually assaulting patients at the couple’s addiction treatment center, where he was the business manager. famous, wealthy, and powerful predators-those who move in elite social circles â la jeffrey epstein–have frequent access to another species of enabler: the narcissist. because narcissists have little emotional empathy and a high regard for social status, they’re able to rationalize abusing someone lower on the social hierarchy to win the favor of someone near the top. […]while savile demonstrated a predator’s uncanny knack for sensing vulnerability in his victims, it was his celebrity that empowered him to abuse the children without consequence, says ian robertson, an emeritus psychology professor at trinity college in dublin. savile’s iconic status, coupled with his reputation for doing good, gave him seemingly unlimited amounts of what robertson calls ‘idiosyncrasy credit’-a term coined by cuny baruch psychologist edwin hollander, meaning that the higher your value in your social group, the more you are allowed to deviate from its norms without being ostracized.”
Farmer, A.. (2023). Sexual Exploitation, Abuse, and Trafficking of School-Aged Children. In School Violence and Primary Prevention, Second Edition
“Recent growth in the public’s awareness of child sex trafficking has been accompanied by the spread of misinformation about the nature of this and related offenses. this chapter places trafficking within the larger context of child sexual abuse and exploitation (csa/cse) and highlights the ways that many of the crimes underneath this umbrella are connected. the author begins with the definition and clarification of terms that are central to understanding these issues, including grooming, trafficking, sextortion, and child sexual abuse material. research is presented on prevalence rates of csa/cse, factors associated with children’s vulnerability to becoming a victim, and common psychological consequences for those who do. the chapter concludes with information on recognizing and responding to csa/cse along with descriptions of approaches currently being utilized to prevent these crimes.”
Drybread, K.. (2022). Descending from Sadism to Trumpism: Jeffrey Epstein and the befouling of U.S. politics. In Corruption and Illiberal Politics in the Trump Era
Kuntz, B.. (2021). Stanley kubrick’s eyes wide shut as precursor to jeffrey epstein’s lolita express. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Gender Research
“This paper details the prescience of acclaimed british director, stanley kubrick’s last film, eyes wide shut, released in 1999, in foretelling the facts of the jeffrey epstein sexual abuse and sex trafficking affair which took place over decades and eventually led to epstein’s very suspicious suicide in his jail cell in new york in august 2019. feminist susan brownmiller delineated in 1975 how rape is an exercise in power; likewise, one of the major themes of eyes wide shut is sexual abuse, manipulation and violence perpetrated by the word’s economic, political, social, and cultural elites in the exercise of maintaining control and dominance. based on the events of the epstein case, a pattern – also described in eyes wide shut-emerges wherein politicians, corporate leaders, police, intelligence services, the judiciary and the mainstream media converge to protect the perpetrators and blame or disregard the rights of the victims. what transpires in both the epstein case and kubrick’s film is a web of sexual blackmail, intimidation and violence which serve to benefit the members of the elites and perpetrate the worldwide crisis of sex trafficking. in the epstein case and eyes wide shut, the institutional setting encompasses the neoliberal economic system in which the victims of sex trafficking are simply another expendable commodity to be bought and sold. in turn, these disadvantaged girls and women are the same as those targeted by the soul-less, formulaic multi-billion pornography industry whose violent images work to carry out misogyny, dehumanization, and patriarchy.”
Sofista Lilla Saferia. (2021). Deception in Conversation: The Study of Prince Andew’s Inteview About Jeffrey Epstein Sexual Allegations. English Education:Journal of English Teaching and Research
“Implicature as one of the prominent element of the principles has been developed in lateststudies, mainly the objective as it could be utilitizes to deliberately deceive the listeners onoccasion. previous researches has shown how speaker could deceive listener despite notsay something untrue or lie by categorizing lie is not something that is said but what isimplied in conversation. this study aims to investigate implied meaning and deceivingstatements in conversation. the object of this study is prince andrew’s bbc newsnightinterview about his involvement with convicted sex offender, jeffrey epstein. the data useddocument analysis based on the interview video of prince andrew’s interview with emilymaitlis. the result of this study indicates that prince andrew’s implied statements showdeeper relationship and more involvement with jeffrey epstein than what he was trying tosay in the interview.”
Latson, J.. (2020). The Mind of an Enabler. Psychology Today
Show/hide publication abstract
“Would anyone aid and abet a predator nxivm leader keith raniere was convicted last year of sex trafficking, forced labor, and racketeering in connection with the so-called self-help group that former members say he ran as a cult. in 2003, her husband at the time was arrested on charges of impersonating a doctor and sexually assaulting patients at the couple’s addiction treatment center, where he was the business manager. famous, wealthy, and powerful predators-those who move in elite social circles â la jeffrey epstein–have frequent access to another species of enabler: the narcissist. because narcissists have little emotional empathy and a high regard for social status, they’re able to rationalize abusing someone lower on the social hierarchy to win the favor of someone near the top. […]while savile demonstrated a predator’s uncanny knack for sensing vulnerability in his victims, it was his celebrity that empowered him to abuse the children without consequence, says ian robertson, an emeritus psychology professor at trinity college in dublin. savile’s iconic status, coupled with his reputation for doing good, gave him seemingly unlimited amounts of what robertson calls ‘idiosyncrasy credit’-a term coined by cuny baruch psychologist edwin hollander, meaning that the higher your value in your social group, the more you are allowed to deviate from its norms without being ostracized.”
Farmer, A.. (2023). Sexual Exploitation, Abuse, and Trafficking of School-Aged Children. In School Violence and Primary Prevention, Second Edition
“Recent growth in the public’s awareness of child sex trafficking has been accompanied by the spread of misinformation about the nature of this and related offenses. this chapter places trafficking within the larger context of child sexual abuse and exploitation (csa/cse) and highlights the ways that many of the crimes underneath this umbrella are connected. the author begins with the definition and clarification of terms that are central to understanding these issues, including grooming, trafficking, sextortion, and child sexual abuse material. research is presented on prevalence rates of csa/cse, factors associated with children’s vulnerability to becoming a victim, and common psychological consequences for those who do. the chapter concludes with information on recognizing and responding to csa/cse along with descriptions of approaches currently being utilized to prevent these crimes.”
Drybread, K.. (2022). Descending from Sadism to Trumpism: Jeffrey Epstein and the befouling of U.S. politics. In Corruption and Illiberal Politics in the Trump Era
Kuntz, B.. (2021). Stanley kubrick’s eyes wide shut as precursor to jeffrey epstein’s lolita express. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Gender Research
“This paper details the prescience of acclaimed british director, stanley kubrick’s last film, eyes wide shut, released in 1999, in foretelling the facts of the jeffrey epstein sexual abuse and sex trafficking affair which took place over decades and eventually led to epstein’s very suspicious suicide in his jail cell in new york in august 2019. feminist susan brownmiller delineated in 1975 how rape is an exercise in power; likewise, one of the major themes of eyes wide shut is sexual abuse, manipulation and violence perpetrated by the word’s economic, political, social, and cultural elites in the exercise of maintaining control and dominance. based on the events of the epstein case, a pattern – also described in eyes wide shut-emerges wherein politicians, corporate leaders, police, intelligence services, the judiciary and the mainstream media converge to protect the perpetrators and blame or disregard the rights of the victims. what transpires in both the epstein case and kubrick’s film is a web of sexual blackmail, intimidation and violence which serve to benefit the members of the elites and perpetrate the worldwide crisis of sex trafficking. in the epstein case and eyes wide shut, the institutional setting encompasses the neoliberal economic system in which the victims of sex trafficking are simply another expendable commodity to be bought and sold. in turn, these disadvantaged girls and women are the same as those targeted by the soul-less, formulaic multi-billion pornography industry whose violent images work to carry out misogyny, dehumanization, and patriarchy.”
Further References
Buck, J. A., London, K., & Wright, D. B.. (2011). Expert testimony regarding child witnesses: Does it sensitize jurors to forensic interview quality?. Law and Human Behavior
Rivard, J. R., & Schreiber Compo, N.. (2017). Self-Reported Current Practices in Child Forensic Interviewing: Training, Tools, and Pre-Interview Preparation. Behavioral Sciences and the Law
Sayfan, L., Mitchell, E. B., Goodman, G. S., Eisen, M. L., & Qin, J.. (2008). Children’s expressed emotions when disclosing maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect
“Child sexual abuse (csa) remains a significant societal problem; however, few csa cases are actually brought to trial. the cases that do proceed to trial typically involve little evidence, therefore, it is imperative that legal professionals become more aware of possible factors that may contribute to jurors’ perceptions of child complainants and in turn influence their case decisions. the goal of this study was to investigate the influence of jury instructions, child complainant age, child’s level of sexual knowledge, and preexisting beliefs about csa on mock jurors’ child credibility ratings. participants (n = 388) evaluated a mock csa trial transcript and answered questions related to the child’s credibility. results indicated that child credibility was dependent on mock jurors’ knowledge about csa, which in turn, differed by mock juror gender. pre-evidence jury instructions also influenced mock jurors’ csa misconception endorsements. child sexual knowledge level did not influence credibility, nor did it interact with child age. our study suggests that specialized pre-evidence jury instructions may educate legal fact finders about alleged csa victims and in turn may enhance their views of children in this specific legal context.”
The rise of neurotechnologies, especially in combination with artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods for brain data analytics, has given rise to concerns around the protection of mental privacy, mental integrity and cognitive liberty – often framed as “neurorights” in ethical, legal, and policy discussions. Several states are now looking at including neurorights into their constitutional legal frameworks, and international institutions and organizations, such as UNESCO and the Council of Europe, are taking an active interest in developing international policy and governance guidelines on this issue. However, in many discussions of neurorights the philosophical assumptions, ethical frames of reference and legal interpretation are either not made explicit or conflict with each other. The aim of this multidisciplinary work is to provide conceptual, ethical, and legal foundations that allow for facilitating a common minimalist conceptual understanding of mental privacy, mental integrity, and cognitive liberty to facilitate scholarly, legal, and policy discussions.
For example, Ienca, M, Andorno, R. Towards new human rights in the age of neuroscience and neurotechnology. Life Sciences, Society and Policy 2017;13(1):5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Sommaggio P, Mazzocca M, Gerola A, Ferro F. Cognitive liberty. A first step towards a human neuro-rights declaration. BioLaw Journal—Rivista di BioDiritto 2017;3:27–45; McCarthy-Jones S. The autonomous mind: The right to freedom of thought in the twenty-first century. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2019;2:1–7; Bublitz, J-C. The nascent right to psychological integrity and mental self-determination. In: von Arnauld, A, der Decken, K, Susi, M, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of New Human Rights: Recognition, Novelty, Rhetoric. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2020:387–403 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Michalowski, S. Critical reflections on the need for a right to mental self-determination. In von Arnauld, A, der Decken, K, Susi, M, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of New Human Rights: Recognition, Novelty, Rhetoric. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2020:404–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Alegre S. Rethinking freedom of thought for the 21st century, European Human Rights Law Review 2017;(3):221–33; Ligthart, S. Freedom of thought in Europe: Do advances in “brain-reading” technology call for revision?, Journal of Law and the Biosciences 2020;7(1):lsaa048CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Ligthart, S, Douglas, T, Bublitz, C, Kooijmans, T, Meynen, G. Forensic brain-reading and mental privacy in European Human Rights Law: Foundations and challenges. Neuroethics 2021;14(2):191–203 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
2
Report on Respecting, Protecting and Fulfilling the Right to Freedom of Thought, to the 76th Session of the General Assembly, October 2021; United Nations, Our Common Agenda—Report of the Secretary-General, New York 2021, para 35.
3
Declaration of the Interamerican Juridical Committee on Neuroscience, Neurotechnologies and Human Rights: New Legal Challenges for the Americas, CJI/DEC. 01 (XCIX-O/21, August 11, 2021).
4
Committee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe. Strategic Action Plan on Human Rights and Technologies in Biomedicine (2020–2025), Adopted by the Committee on Bioethics (DH-BIO) at its 16th meeting (19–21 November 2019).
5
Report of the International Bioethics Committee of UNESCO. Ethical Issues of Neurotechnology, SHS/BIO/IBC28/2021/3Rev., Paris, France: UNESCO, 15 December 2021. See also Navarro MS, Dura-Bernal S, Gulotta CM, Stark C (eds.). The Risks and Challenges of Neurotechnologies for Human Rights. Paris, France; Milan, Italy; New York, NY: UNESCO; University of Milan-Bicocca – Department of Business and Law; State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate; 2023.
6
OECD. Recommendation on Responsible Innovation in Neurotechnology. Adopted by the OECD Council on 11 December 2019.
7
See note 4, Committee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe 2019.
8
Yuste, R, Goering, S, Arcas, BAY, Bi, G, Carmena, JM, Carter, A, et al. Four ethical priorities for neurotechnologies and AI. Nature 2017;551(7679):159–63CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Goering, S, Klein, E, Specker Sullivan, L, Wexler, A, , Agüera Y Arcas, B, Bi, G, et al. Recommendations for responsible development and application of neurotechnologies. Neuroethics 2021;14(3):365–86CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
9
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See note 5, Navarro 2022.
15
As is often the case in interdisciplinary work, not all authors that contributed to the discussions and the resulting paper agree with every point made in the paper. We have made substantial efforts in harmonizing views and interpretations but also want to acknowledge the reality of “reasonable disagreement”.
16
It might be argued that drawing a distinction between bodily and mental integrity implicitly endorses a form of dualism between the body (including the brain) and the mind. To avoid this risk, some have proposed recognising a single right to “identity integrity”. However, since the rights to bodily and mental integrity are widely used in the academic literature and acknowledged in the law, such as by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, we will stick to this terminology in this paper. In adopting this terminology, we do not mean to endorse dualism.
17
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See note 12, Ienca 2021.
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In our discussion here, we will refer to specific “neurorights” as “human rights” if they are conceptualized (or discussed) within an international and universal context (e.g., in discussions at the level of the UN).
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Criticism of the implementation of legal language for moral rights addresses structural problems such as the integration of a vertical view typical of human rights jurisprudence, which runs counter to the traditional horizontal view in ethical reasoning. Legal language too often implies the violation of rights, whereas ethical language presupposes reciprocal dialogue between actors without implying that rights have been previously violated or duties not fulfilled. Sperling D. Law and bioethics: A rights-based relationship and its troubling implications. In: Freeman M, ed. Law and Bioethics: Current Legal Issues, Vol. 11. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008. Moreover, ethical choices can be made between two legally acceptable solutions, which helps to ground the reasoning about which ethical and moral concepts should be condensed into law. Additionally, in order to do justice to ethical decisions, it is not always enough to meet legal standards. See Sperling 2008, at 65, 71.
38
Henceforth, our use of “rights” means “legal rights.”
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See note 56, Farahany 2023.
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A potential precedent in addressing this worry may be found in the latest version of the Chilean Bill on neuroprotection (still being drafted), which proposes that medical as well as non-medical neurotechnologies must be registered by the National Institute of Public Health for their use in humans.
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ECtHR 12 October 2006, appl.no. 13178/03 (Mayeka and Kaniki Mitunga/Belgium), § 83.
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See note 1, Bublitz 2020, at 388, 395.
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See note 1, Michalowski 2020, at 406; see note 64, de Vries 2018, at 690.
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See note 1, Bublitz 2020; see note 1, Ienca, Andorno 2017, at 18.
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ECtHR 26 November 2009, appl.no. 25282/06 (Dolenec/Croatia), § 165; ECtHR 6 February 2001, appl.no. 44599/98 (Bensaid/UK), § 47.
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ECtHR 24 July 2012, appl.no. 41526/10 (Đorđević/Croatia), § 97–8.
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ECtHR 30 November 2010, appl.no. 2660/03 (Hajduová/Slovakia), § 49.
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ECtHR (GC) 27 June 2017, appl.no. 931/13 (Satakunnan Markkinapörssi Oy and Satamedia Oy/Finland), § 137 (emphasis added).
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ECtHR (GC) 4 December 2008, appl.nos. 30562/04 and 30566/04 (S. & Marper/UK), § 67; ECtHR 13 February 2020, appl.no. 45245/15 (Gaughran/UK), § 70. See note 64, de Vries 2018, at 673.
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Article 4(1) GDPR.
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General Comment No. 22: The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Art. 18) CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4, para. 3; see note 64, Vermeulen 2006.
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See note 1, Bublitz 2020, at 397.
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ECtHR 12 October 2006, appl.no. 13178/03 (Mayeka and Kaniki Mitunga/Belgium), § 83.
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ECtHR (GC) 27 June 2017, appl.no. 931/13 (Satakunnan Markkinapörssi Oy and Satamedia Oy/Finland), § 137.
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Either as an individual notion or as part of the right to mental integrity.
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In a rapidly evolving world where technology, philosophy, and personal growth intersect, the concepts of cognitive liberty and expanding consciousness have captured the attention of individuals seeking to explore the depths of their own minds. At the core of this exploration lies the quest for personal freedom, self-discovery, and a deeper understanding of the human experience. In this blog post, we’ll delve into these intriguing concepts without focusing on drug-related aspects, shedding light on the transformative journey towards mental sovereignty and ethical expansion.
**Cognitive Liberty: Claiming the Right to Our Minds**
Cognitive liberty stands as a beacon of individual sovereignty over our thoughts, beliefs, and cognitive processes. It’s about embracing the power to shape our own perspectives and pursue knowledge without constraint. This concept goes beyond legal or political rights; it encompasses the idea that our mental faculties are essential to our identity and should be protected from undue external influence.
As we discuss cognitive liberty in a broader context, it becomes clear that it encompasses more than substances. It encompasses the ability to explore diverse ideas, engage in critical thinking, and shape our perceptions independently.
**Expanding Consciousness: The Inner Odyssey**
At the heart of cognitive liberty is the pursuit of expanding consciousness. This journey, often embarked upon through practices like meditation, mindfulness, and introspection, is about transcending the confines of routine awareness. It’s an odyssey that allows us to venture into the depths of our own minds, exploring the realms of creativity, insight, and connection to a larger universe.
Expanding consciousness isn’t limited to chemical alterations; it’s a holistic experience that encompasses philosophical, spiritual, and psychological growth. It encourages us to explore the boundaries of our perception and embrace the mysteries that lie beyond.
**Ethical Philosophy: Navigating the Inner Landscape Responsibly**
As we tread the path of cognitive exploration and expanding consciousness, ethical considerations become paramount. Ethical philosophy guides us in discerning our responsibilities as explorers of the mind. How do we navigate our inner landscape with respect for ourselves and others? How do we approach personal growth without infringing upon the rights and well-being of those around us?
Ethical exploration involves balancing our innate curiosity with a profound respect for the boundaries and well-being of others. It’s about fostering a compassionate and informed approach that ensures our quest for enlightenment contributes positively to our own lives and the greater community.
**Final Thoughts: Embracing the Journey**
Cognitive liberty and expanding consciousness are two facets of the intricate tapestry that makes us human. By recognizing our right to explore our own minds and pursuing the expansion of our awareness in ethical and responsible ways, we embark on a transformative journey of self-discovery, connection, and personal growth. This journey isn’t limited to any one method; it’s a vast landscape of potential waiting to be explored, understood, and cherished.
As we venture forward, let us remember that cognitive liberty and expanded consciousness are not merely abstract concepts, but living, breathing philosophies that encourage us to embrace the boundless potential of the human mind.
Explore. Question. Evolve.
**Title: Exploring Cognitive Liberty and Expanding Human Consciousness**
**Introduction:**
In a world where the realms of thought, consciousness, and personal freedom converge, the concept of cognitive liberty takes center stage. This dynamic principle is not only about the freedom of choice; it’s about the sovereignty of the mind itself. Delving into the realm of consciousness exploration, ethical philosophy, and the mind-body connection can empower individuals to expand their human experience without being tethered to external constraints. In this blog post, we’ll journey through the corridors of cognitive liberty and consciousness expansion, uncovering the potential for personal growth, intellectual exploration, and the pursuit of higher states of awareness.
**Cognitive Liberty: Nurturing the Garden of Thought:**
Cognitive liberty goes beyond the conventional understanding of personal freedom. It’s the notion that our thoughts, beliefs, and experiences belong solely to us, and no external entity has the authority to dictate or regulate them. This principle, closely intertwined with ethical philosophy, urges us to safeguard our cognitive realm from undue interference. In a world where information and ideas flow ceaselessly, cognitive liberty offers the foundation for critical thinking, self-expression, and open dialogue.
**Consciousness Exploration: Beyond the Horizon of Awareness:**
At the heart of cognitive liberty lies the opportunity for consciousness exploration. This journey involves venturing into the depths of our own minds, seeking to understand the intricacies of our thoughts and the expanses of our awareness. Through practices like mindfulness, meditation, and contemplation, we can unlock new perspectives and discover hidden facets of our consciousness. This form of personal growth allows us to break free from the limitations of routine thinking and explore the vast landscape of our inner worlds.
**Mind-Body Connection: Bridging the Gap:**
The intricate relationship between our mind and body shapes our perceptions, experiences, and responses to the world around us. Understanding this connection provides a gateway to cognitive enhancement and expanded consciousness. By nurturing both mental and physical well-being, we create an environment where cognitive liberty flourishes. Practices such as yoga, breathwork, and holistic health approaches contribute to harmonizing the mind-body connection, enabling us to access new dimensions of awareness.
**Expanding Human Consciousness: The Uncharted Horizons:**
As we embrace cognitive liberty and delve into consciousness exploration, we embark on a journey to expand human consciousness. This is not a mere intellectual exercise; it’s a transformational endeavor that awakens us to the potential of heightened states of awareness. By integrating philosophy, science, and personal experience, we can transcend the boundaries of ordinary consciousness and glimpse the extraordinary. It’s an evolution that empowers us to embrace the full spectrum of human potential.
**Conclusion:**
Cognitive liberty stands as a beacon of intellectual autonomy, inviting us to explore the intricacies of consciousness and embrace our capacity for growth and expansion. By nurturing the mind-body connection and delving into ethical philosophy, we pave the way for greater cognitive awareness. As we journey through the landscapes of thought, we redefine personal freedom, creating a tapestry of consciousness that is uniquely our own. In the pursuit of cognitive liberty, we unlock the doors to uncharted realms of human consciousness, and in doing so, we find liberation in the vast expanses of our own minds.
Title: **”Unlocking the Mind: Navigating Cognitive Liberty and Expanding Consciousness”**
In a world where our understanding of consciousness and the human mind is constantly evolving, the concept of cognitive liberty has gained significance as a gateway to exploring the depths of our inner experiences. Delving into altered states of consciousness and personal growth, the pursuit of cognitive liberty has taken on ethical and philosophical dimensions that extend far beyond the realm of substances. In this blog post, we’ll journey through the realms of cognitive liberty, consciousness exploration, and the ethical considerations that guide our pursuit of mind freedom.
**Cognitive Liberty: Beyond Boundaries**
Cognitive liberty, often referred to as the right to control one’s own mental processes and experiences, is a fundamental concept that opens doors to personal growth and self-discovery. At its core, cognitive liberty acknowledges that each individual should have the autonomy to explore the reaches of their consciousness without undue constraints. This exploration goes beyond traditional understandings of freedom; it’s an exploration of our inner worlds and the realization that our minds are landscapes ripe for discovery.
**The Odyssey of Consciousness Exploration**
Consciousness exploration, a key facet of cognitive liberty, invites us to embark on an odyssey within ourselves. Through practices such as meditation, mindfulness, and introspection, we can unlock altered states of consciousness that illuminate new perspectives on reality. This journey doesn’t rely on external substances; rather, it’s a mindful navigation of our thoughts, emotions, and perceptions. It’s a quest to better understand the intricate web of our consciousness and the infinite potential it holds.
**Ethical Philosophy: Guiding Our Path**
As we tread the path of cognitive liberty, ethical philosophy serves as our compass. We’re confronted with questions that challenge us to consider the implications of our actions on both ourselves and society. How do we responsibly wield our freedom to explore our minds? How do we ensure that our pursuits don’t infringe upon the well-being of others? Ethical considerations shape our approach to cognitive liberty, emphasizing respect for ourselves, others, and the interconnectedness of our experiences.
**Expanding Horizons, Expanding Humanity**
Expanding human consciousness is a journey of expanding our horizons and, in turn, expanding our humanity. By embracing cognitive liberty and consciously exploring our inner landscapes, we contribute to the ever-evolving tapestry of human understanding. Our discoveries become threads woven into the fabric of shared knowledge, fostering empathy, connection, and a deeper appreciation for the diversity of human experience.
**Cognitive Rights for the Future**
In the pursuit of cognitive liberty, we’re paving the way for cognitive rights to be recognized and protected. Just as we cherish freedom of speech and expression, cognitive rights could emerge as a cornerstone of our evolving societal framework. By championing cognitive liberty, we’re advocating for the importance of personal growth, self-awareness, and the exploration of consciousness as integral components of the human experience.
In conclusion, cognitive liberty transcends conventional boundaries and offers us a profound invitation to explore the limitless dimensions of our minds. As we embark on this journey of consciousness exploration, guided by ethical considerations, we contribute to the ongoing evolution of human understanding and interconnectedness. Let us embrace cognitive liberty as a catalyst for personal growth, connection, and the expansion of our shared humanity.
**Title: Exploring Cognitive Liberty: Navigating the Frontiers of Human Consciousness**
In a rapidly evolving world, the exploration of cognitive liberty and the depths of human consciousness has taken center stage. As we journey towards greater self-awareness and understanding, a multitude of fascinating concepts come into play. Let’s delve into the captivating realm of cognitive liberty without focusing on drug-related aspects, and discover how it influences personal growth, ethical philosophy, and the expansion of our cognitive horizons.
**Consciousness Exploration for Personal Growth**
Consciousness, that enigmatic phenomenon that defines our awareness, offers a vast landscape for exploration. In the pursuit of personal growth, understanding the various dimensions of consciousness becomes a transformative endeavor. Exploring altered states of consciousness, not limited to substances, can lead to insights about the mind’s capabilities and the limitless potential for self-improvement.
**Cognitive Enhancement and the Mind-Body Connection**
Cognitive enhancement is an exciting avenue of study that transcends the boundaries of conventional thought. It encompasses practices that harness the mind’s innate abilities to optimize cognitive functions. The mind-body connection, a cornerstone of cognitive liberty, allows us to explore techniques such as meditation, mindfulness, and cognitive exercises to unlock new levels of mental clarity and focus.
**Ethical Philosophy and Cognitive Rights**
As cognitive liberty paves the way for uncharted territories, questions of ethics and personal freedom emerge. Ethical philosophy enters the discussion as we contemplate the boundaries of our cognitive experiences. The concept of cognitive rights gains prominence, advocating for individuals’ autonomy over their consciousness and mental states, irrespective of their chosen path of exploration.
**The Neuroethical Implications of Expanding Consciousness**
Neuroethics, a field at the intersection of neuroscience and ethics, plays a crucial role in the pursuit of cognitive liberty. It grapples with the implications of altering consciousness and advocates for responsible exploration. The discourse surrounding neuroethics challenges us to consider the potential impacts of our actions on both our individual well-being and society at large.
**Embracing Cognitive Liberty: A Journey of Discovery**
In conclusion, cognitive liberty offers a multidimensional journey that extends far beyond its perceived associations with substance-related exploration. It encompasses personal growth, ethical considerations, and the intersection of mind and body. By embracing the diversity of cognitive experiences available to us, we embark on a profound journey of self-discovery and a deeper understanding of the complexities of human consciousness.
As we navigate the uncharted waters of cognitive liberty, we’re invited to challenge existing paradigms, explore the unexplored, and champion our right to explore the full spectrum of human consciousness in an ethical and mindful manner.
Keywords: Cognitive liberty, Consciousness exploration, Mind freedom, Psychedelic research, Altered states of consciousness, Personal growth and consciousness, Cognitive enhancement, Ethical philosophy, Drug policy reform, Mental sovereignty, Psychedelic therapy, Mind-body connection, Neuroethics, Expanding human consciousness, Cognitive rights
Oller, J. W., Shaw, C. A., Tomljenovic, L., Karanja, S. K., Ngare, W., Clement, F. M., & Pillette, J. R.. (2017). HCG Found in WHO Tetanus Vaccine in Kenya Raises Concern in the Developing World. OALib
“In 1993, who announced a ‘birth-control vaccine’ for ‘family planning’. published research shows that by 1976 who researchers had conjugated tetanus toxoid (tt) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) producing a ‘birth-control’ vaccine. conjugating tt with hcg causes pregnancy hormones to be attacked by the immune system. expected results are abortions in females already pregnant and/or infertility in recipients not yet impregnated. repeated inoculations prolong infertility. currently who researchers are working on more potent anti-fertility vaccines using recombinant dna. who publications show a long-range purpose to reduce population growth in unstable ‘less developed countries’. by november 1993 catholic publications appeared saying an abortifacient vaccine was being used as a tetanus prophylactic. in november 2014, the catholic church asserted that such a program was underway in kenya. three independent nairobi accredited biochemistry laboratories tested samples from vials of the who tetanus vaccine being used in march 2014 and found hcg where none should be present. in october 2014, 6 additional vials were obtained by catholic doctors and were tested in 6 accredited laboratories. again, hcg was found in half the samples. subsequently, nairobi’s agriq quest laboratory, in two sets of analyses, again found hcg in the same vaccine vials that tested positive earlier but found no hcg in 52 samples alleged by the who to be vials of the vaccine used in the kenya campaign 40 with the same identifying batch numbers as the vials that tested positive for hcg. given that hcg was found in at least half the who vaccine samples known by the doctors involved in administering the vaccines to have been used in kenya, our opinion is that the kenya ‘anti-tetanus’ campaign was reasonably called into question by the kenya catholic doctors association as a front for population growth reduction.”
Ibinda, F., Bauni, E., Kariuki, S. M., Fegan, G., Lewa, J., Mwikamba, M., … Newton, C. R. J. C.. (2015). Incidence and risk factors for Neonatal Tetanus in admissions to Kilifi County hospital, Kenya. PLoS ONE
“Background neonatal tetanus (nt) is a preventable cause of mortality and neurological sequelae that occurs at higher incidence in resource-poor countries, presumably because of low maternal immunisation rates and unhygienic cord care practices. we aimed to determine changes in the incidence of nt, characterize and investigate the associated risk factors and mortality in a prospective cohort study including all admissions over a 15-year period at a county hospital on the kenyan coast, a region with relatively high historical nt rates within kenya. methods we assessed all neonatal admissions to kilifi county hospital in kenya (1999-2013) and identified cases of nt (standard clinical case definition) admitted during this time. poisson regression was used to examine change in incidence of nt using accurate denominator data from an area of active demographic surveillance. logistic regression was used to investigate the risk factors for nt and factors associated with mortality in nt amongst neonatal admissions. a subset of sera from mothers (n = 61) and neonates (n = 47) were tested for anti-tetanus antibodies. results there were 191 nt admissions, of whom 187 (98%) were home deliveries. incidence of nt declined significantly (incidence rate ratio: 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.81-0.89), p<0.001) but the case fatality (62%) did not change over the study period (p = 0.536). younger infant age at admission (p = 0.001) was the only independent predictor of mortality. compared to neonatal hospital admittee controls, the proportion of home births was higher among the cases. sera tested for antitetanus antibodies showed most mothers (50/61, 82%) had undetectable levels of antitetanus antibodies, and most (8/9, 89%) mothers with detectable antibodies had a neonate without protective levels. conclusions incidence of nt in kilifi county has significantly reduced, with reductions following immunisation campaigns. our results suggest immunisation efforts are effective if sustained and efforts should continue to expand coverage.”
Melgaard, B., Mutie, D. M., & Kimani, G.. (1988). A cluster survey of mortality due to neonatal tetanus in Kenya. International Journal of Epidemiology
Maitha, E., Baya, C., & Bauni, E.. (2013). He burden and challenges of neonatal tetanus in Kilifi district, Kenya-2004-7. East African Medical Journal
Show/hide publication abstract
“Objectives: to describe the incidence of neonatal tetanus (nnt) and to describe the trends between 2004 and 2007; to show the geographical distribution of nnt in kilifi district and to describe routine immunisation coverage, catch-up campaigns and mop-ups. design: retrospective study setting: kilifi district, coastal kenya subjects: children diagnosed with neonatal tetanus (nnt) attending health facilities in the district. results: the incidence of nnt in kilifi increased from 0.6 in 2004 to 1.0 per 1000 live births in 2007. over 50% of kilifi district was a high risk area for nnt. it was a public health problem (>1 per 1000 live births) in 19/36 locations. immunisation (tt2+) increased from 4% in 2004 to 17% in 2007 for women of childbearing age and from 22% to 98% for pregnant women in the same period. all cases of nnt were delivered at home. 83% of nnt cases had potentially infectious materials applied to their cords. conclusions: neonatal tetanus was an increasing problem in kilifi district in the period 2004-2007. immunisation coverage was low for women of childbearing age. tt immunisation data capture was a mix-up (pregnant women and women of childbearing age) at various health facilities and was a challenge to accurate estimates of tt2+ immunisation coverage.”
Organización Mundial de la Salud, & Salud, O. M. de la. (2006). Tetanus vaccine; WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemilogical Report
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“Recent tetanus cases associated with male circumcision in eastern and southern africa (esa) prompted an examination of tetanus immunity by age and sex using multiplex serologic data from community surveys in three esa countries during 2012.2013. tetanus seroprotection was lower among children 5.14 years versus 1.4 years of age in kenya (66% versus 90%) and tanzania (66% versus 89%), but not in mozambique (91% versus 88%), where children receive two booster doses in school. among males . 15 years of age, tetanus seroprotection was lower than females in kenya (45% versus 96%), tanzania (28% versus 94%), and mozambique (64% versus 90%). tetanus immunity from infant vaccination doses wanes over time, and only women of reproductive age routinely receive booster doses. to prevent immunity gaps in older children, adolescents, and adult men, a life-course vaccination strategy is needed to provide the three recommended tetanus booster doses.”
βhCG
Talwar, G. P., Gupta, J. C., Rulli, S. B., Sharma, R. S., Nand, K. N., Bandivdekar, A. H., … Singh, P.. (2015). Advances in development of a contraceptive vaccine against human chorionic gonadotropin. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
“Introduction: there is continuing need for contraceptives. according to world health organization, 210 million pregnancies occur each year, out of which some 80 million are unintended. a vaccine offering privacy and periodic intake would be an attractive proposition.areas covered: the article is a brief review of three vaccines developed against human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) with progressively better attributes. clinical trials have proven in more than one country the complete safety and reversibility of the anti-hcg vaccine(s) in women. vaccination does not entail any disturbance in levels of reproductive tract hormones of the woman or any disturbance in menstrual regularity and bleeding profiles. phase ii clinical trials show the effective prevention of pregnancy in sexually active women of proven fertility. a recombinant vaccine amenable to industrial production has been developed; it induces substantially higher antibody titers in mice of four different genetic strains than those required to prevent pregnancy in women. rigorous toxicology studies have been completed on this vaccine in rodents and marmosets.expert opinion: this unique vaccine, requiring periodic intake and demonstrating no impairment of ovulation, hormonal profiles and menstrual regularity, is on the verge of final clinical trials under the aegis of the indian council of medical research and should be a valuable addition to the available contraceptives.”
Gupta, S. K., Shrestha, A., & Minhas, V.. (2014). Milestones in contraceptive vaccines development and hurdles in their application. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics
Stevens, V. C.. (1996). Progress in the development of human chorionic gonadotropin antifertility vaccines. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology
“Prototype human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) vaccines have demonstrated the feasibility of effectively eliciting antibodies in women and inhibiting fertility in both humans and nonhuman primates. also, no serious side-effects due to immunization against self antigens have been revealed to date. however, the formulations so far tested in clinical trials are not suitable for widespread applications due to problems associated with complexities in production, burdensome application procedures, the need for frequent booster immunizations or cost of manufacture. current research efforts involve the development of delivery systems to permit annual or biannual intervals between immunizations for protection from pregnancy, procedures for mucosal immunizations, methods to reduce hypersensitivity and local reactions, and procedures for reducing the cost of production. recent progress in understanding the crystalline structure of the hcg molecule has stimulated further studies to define immunological epitope sequences that might constitute immunogens in future vaccines. the incorporation of vaccine components into biodegradable microspheres has resulted in formulations that elicit elevated antibody levels in rabbits for more than one year. preclinical and clinical studies with such formulations are planned. studies using totally synthetic peptide immunogens constituting hcg b-cell epitopes and ‘promiscuous’ t-cell epitopes from bacterial or viral proteins have been shown to be equally immunogenic as conjugates of hcg peptides with macromolecular carriers. still other peptide immunogens have been developed that can elicit antibody production without detectable proliferation of helper t cells. some of these peptides can induce systemic immunity from oral immunization or systemic injections. alternative vehicles for administering vaccine components with reduced local reactivity show promise for new vaccine formulations.”
Gupta, S. K., & Bansal, P.. (2010). Vaccines for immunological control of fertility. Reproductive Medicine and Biology
Talwar, G. P., Singh, O. M., Pal, R., Chatterjee, N., Sahai, P., Dhall, K., … Saxena, B. N.. (1994). A vaccine that prevents pregnancy in women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
“We report here results of clinical trials on a birth control vaccine, consisting of a heterospecies dimer of the β subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) associated noncovalently with the α subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone and conjugated to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids as carriers, that induces antibodies of high avidity (k(a) ≃ 1010 m-1) against hcg. fertile women exposed to conception over 1224 cycles recorded only one pregnancy at antibody titers of >50 ng/ml (hcg bioneutralization capacity). the antibody response declines with time; fertility was regained when titers fell to <35 ng/ml. this study presents evidence of the feasibility of a vaccine for control of human fertility.”
Talwar, G. P., Gupta, J. C., Purswani, S., Vyas, H. K., Nand, K. N., Pal, P., & Ella, K. M.. (2021). A unique vaccine for birth control and treatment of advanced stage cancers secreting ectopically human chorionic gonadotropin. Exploration of Immunology
“This article is a tribute and homage to gerard chaouat who invited me to contribute this article. my years in france have remained very memorable to me. reviewed briefly is the vaccine that was made against human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) to prevent unwanted pregnancy in sexually active women. it has now been developed as a genetically engineered recombinant vaccine and passed onto industry for its production under good manufacturing practices (gmp) conditions for confirmatory trials. the trials have received the approval of the drugs controller general of india. the trials have started but have been interrupted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. this vaccine is likely to have another highly beneficial application in the treatment of cancers expressing ectopically hcg.”
