Minding Rights: Mapping Ethical and Legal Foundations of ‘Neurorights’

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Abstract

The rise of neurotechnologies, especially in combination with artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods for brain data analytics, has given rise to concerns around the protection of mental privacy, mental integrity and cognitive liberty – often framed as “neurorights” in ethical, legal, and policy discussions. Several states are now looking at including neurorights into their constitutional legal frameworks, and international institutions and organizations, such as UNESCO and the Council of Europe, are taking an active interest in developing international policy and governance guidelines on this issue. However, in many discussions of neurorights the philosophical assumptions, ethical frames of reference and legal interpretation are either not made explicit or conflict with each other. The aim of this multidisciplinary work is to provide conceptual, ethical, and legal foundations that allow for facilitating a common minimalist conceptual understanding of mental privacy, mental integrity, and cognitive liberty to facilitate scholarly, legal, and policy discussions.

Source: www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/minding-rights-mapping-ethical-and-legal-foundations-of-neurorights/2F3BD282956047E1E67AA9049A2A0B68

Further References

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General comment No. 34 Article 19: Freedoms of opinion and expression, CCPR/C/GC/34, paras 11–12; ECtHR (GC) 15 December 2005, appl.no 73797/01 (Kyprianou/Cyprus), § 174; Interamerican Commission on Human Rights, Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression, principle 2; Grossman, C. Freedom of expression in the inter-american system for the protection of human rights. ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law 2001;7(3):619–47Google Scholar.
103

General comment No. 34 Article 19: Freedoms of opinion and expression, CCPR/C/GC/34, para. 10.
104

See note 77, Harris 2018, at 595. See, for example, EComHR 7 April 1994, appl.no. 20871/92 (Strohal/Austria); ECtHR (GC) 3 April 2012, appl.no. 41723/06 (Gillberg/Sweden), § 86; ECtHR 23 October 2018, appl.no. 26892/12 (Wanner/Germany), § 39–42. An important note: This suggests that the right to silence has been protected by the ECtHR. The response of the ECtHR to English attacks on the right to silence suggests otherwise. One can remain silent, but adverse inferences can be drawn from the person’s silence, which does not amount to much of a protection of the right to silence. In the future we might expect the ECtHR to extend its approach by saying a person can refuse brain-based lie detection that the state wants to employ, but if the person does so, adverse inferences can be drawn from the refusal.
105

See note 33, Ligthart 2022; see note 1, Ligthart 2020.
106

See note 33, Ligthart 2022.
107

Sententia, W. Neuroethical considerations: Cognitive liberty and converging technologies for improving human cognition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004; 1013:221–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bublitz, C, Cognitive liberty or the international human right to freedom of thought. In: Clausen, J, Levy, N, eds. Handbook of Neuroethics. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer; 2015:1309–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
108

See note 56, Farahany 2019, 2023.
109

See note 1, Bublitz 2020; see note 1, Ienca, Andorno 2017; see note 41, Bublitz, Merkel 2014.
110

Ligthart, S, Kooijmans, T, Douglas, T, Meynen, G. Closed-loop brain devices in offender rehabilitation: Autonomy, human rights, and accountability. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2021;30(4):669–80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Kellmeyer, P, Cochrane, T, Müller, O, Mitchell, C, Ball, T, Fins, JJ, et al. The effects of closed-loop medical devices on the autonomy and accountability of persons and systems. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2016;25:623–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
111

See note 4, Committee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe 2019; § 21–22 (emphasis added).
112

See note 1, Bublitz 2020, at 397.
113

ECtHR 12 October 2006, appl.no. 13178/03 (Mayeka and Kaniki Mitunga/Belgium), § 83.
114

ECtHR (GC) 27 August 2015, appl.no. 46470/11 (Parrillo/Italy), § 153.
115

ECtHR (GC) 27 June 2017, appl.no. 931/13 (Satakunnan Markkinapörssi Oy and Satamedia Oy/Finland), § 137.
116

Either as an individual notion or as part of the right to mental integrity.
117

Ligthart, S, Meynen, G, Biller-Andorno, N, Kooijmans, T, Kellmeyer, P. Is virtually everything possible? The relevance of ethics and human rights for introducing extended reality in forensic psychiatry. AJOB Neuroscience 2022;13(3):144–57CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

AI on cognitive liberty: Navigating the Frontiers of Cognitive Liberty and Expanding Consciousness

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In a rapidly evolving world where technology, philosophy, and personal growth intersect, the concepts of cognitive liberty and expanding consciousness have captured the attention of individuals seeking to explore the depths of their own minds. At the core of this exploration lies the quest for personal freedom, self-discovery, and a deeper understanding of the human experience. In this blog post, we’ll delve into these intriguing concepts without focusing on drug-related aspects, shedding light on the transformative journey towards mental sovereignty and ethical expansion.

**Cognitive Liberty: Claiming the Right to Our Minds**

Cognitive liberty stands as a beacon of individual sovereignty over our thoughts, beliefs, and cognitive processes. It’s about embracing the power to shape our own perspectives and pursue knowledge without constraint. This concept goes beyond legal or political rights; it encompasses the idea that our mental faculties are essential to our identity and should be protected from undue external influence.

As we discuss cognitive liberty in a broader context, it becomes clear that it encompasses more than substances. It encompasses the ability to explore diverse ideas, engage in critical thinking, and shape our perceptions independently.

**Expanding Consciousness: The Inner Odyssey**

At the heart of cognitive liberty is the pursuit of expanding consciousness. This journey, often embarked upon through practices like meditation, mindfulness, and introspection, is about transcending the confines of routine awareness. It’s an odyssey that allows us to venture into the depths of our own minds, exploring the realms of creativity, insight, and connection to a larger universe.

Expanding consciousness isn’t limited to chemical alterations; it’s a holistic experience that encompasses philosophical, spiritual, and psychological growth. It encourages us to explore the boundaries of our perception and embrace the mysteries that lie beyond.

**Ethical Philosophy: Navigating the Inner Landscape Responsibly**

As we tread the path of cognitive exploration and expanding consciousness, ethical considerations become paramount. Ethical philosophy guides us in discerning our responsibilities as explorers of the mind. How do we navigate our inner landscape with respect for ourselves and others? How do we approach personal growth without infringing upon the rights and well-being of those around us?

Ethical exploration involves balancing our innate curiosity with a profound respect for the boundaries and well-being of others. It’s about fostering a compassionate and informed approach that ensures our quest for enlightenment contributes positively to our own lives and the greater community.

**Final Thoughts: Embracing the Journey**

Cognitive liberty and expanding consciousness are two facets of the intricate tapestry that makes us human. By recognizing our right to explore our own minds and pursuing the expansion of our awareness in ethical and responsible ways, we embark on a transformative journey of self-discovery, connection, and personal growth. This journey isn’t limited to any one method; it’s a vast landscape of potential waiting to be explored, understood, and cherished.

As we venture forward, let us remember that cognitive liberty and expanded consciousness are not merely abstract concepts, but living, breathing philosophies that encourage us to embrace the boundless potential of the human mind.

Explore. Question. Evolve.

**Title: Exploring Cognitive Liberty and Expanding Human Consciousness**

**Introduction:**
In a world where the realms of thought, consciousness, and personal freedom converge, the concept of cognitive liberty takes center stage. This dynamic principle is not only about the freedom of choice; it’s about the sovereignty of the mind itself. Delving into the realm of consciousness exploration, ethical philosophy, and the mind-body connection can empower individuals to expand their human experience without being tethered to external constraints. In this blog post, we’ll journey through the corridors of cognitive liberty and consciousness expansion, uncovering the potential for personal growth, intellectual exploration, and the pursuit of higher states of awareness.

**Cognitive Liberty: Nurturing the Garden of Thought:**
Cognitive liberty goes beyond the conventional understanding of personal freedom. It’s the notion that our thoughts, beliefs, and experiences belong solely to us, and no external entity has the authority to dictate or regulate them. This principle, closely intertwined with ethical philosophy, urges us to safeguard our cognitive realm from undue interference. In a world where information and ideas flow ceaselessly, cognitive liberty offers the foundation for critical thinking, self-expression, and open dialogue.

**Consciousness Exploration: Beyond the Horizon of Awareness:**
At the heart of cognitive liberty lies the opportunity for consciousness exploration. This journey involves venturing into the depths of our own minds, seeking to understand the intricacies of our thoughts and the expanses of our awareness. Through practices like mindfulness, meditation, and contemplation, we can unlock new perspectives and discover hidden facets of our consciousness. This form of personal growth allows us to break free from the limitations of routine thinking and explore the vast landscape of our inner worlds.

**Mind-Body Connection: Bridging the Gap:**
The intricate relationship between our mind and body shapes our perceptions, experiences, and responses to the world around us. Understanding this connection provides a gateway to cognitive enhancement and expanded consciousness. By nurturing both mental and physical well-being, we create an environment where cognitive liberty flourishes. Practices such as yoga, breathwork, and holistic health approaches contribute to harmonizing the mind-body connection, enabling us to access new dimensions of awareness.

**Expanding Human Consciousness: The Uncharted Horizons:**
As we embrace cognitive liberty and delve into consciousness exploration, we embark on a journey to expand human consciousness. This is not a mere intellectual exercise; it’s a transformational endeavor that awakens us to the potential of heightened states of awareness. By integrating philosophy, science, and personal experience, we can transcend the boundaries of ordinary consciousness and glimpse the extraordinary. It’s an evolution that empowers us to embrace the full spectrum of human potential.

**Conclusion:**
Cognitive liberty stands as a beacon of intellectual autonomy, inviting us to explore the intricacies of consciousness and embrace our capacity for growth and expansion. By nurturing the mind-body connection and delving into ethical philosophy, we pave the way for greater cognitive awareness. As we journey through the landscapes of thought, we redefine personal freedom, creating a tapestry of consciousness that is uniquely our own. In the pursuit of cognitive liberty, we unlock the doors to uncharted realms of human consciousness, and in doing so, we find liberation in the vast expanses of our own minds.

Title: **”Unlocking the Mind: Navigating Cognitive Liberty and Expanding Consciousness”**

In a world where our understanding of consciousness and the human mind is constantly evolving, the concept of cognitive liberty has gained significance as a gateway to exploring the depths of our inner experiences. Delving into altered states of consciousness and personal growth, the pursuit of cognitive liberty has taken on ethical and philosophical dimensions that extend far beyond the realm of substances. In this blog post, we’ll journey through the realms of cognitive liberty, consciousness exploration, and the ethical considerations that guide our pursuit of mind freedom.

**Cognitive Liberty: Beyond Boundaries**

Cognitive liberty, often referred to as the right to control one’s own mental processes and experiences, is a fundamental concept that opens doors to personal growth and self-discovery. At its core, cognitive liberty acknowledges that each individual should have the autonomy to explore the reaches of their consciousness without undue constraints. This exploration goes beyond traditional understandings of freedom; it’s an exploration of our inner worlds and the realization that our minds are landscapes ripe for discovery.

**The Odyssey of Consciousness Exploration**

Consciousness exploration, a key facet of cognitive liberty, invites us to embark on an odyssey within ourselves. Through practices such as meditation, mindfulness, and introspection, we can unlock altered states of consciousness that illuminate new perspectives on reality. This journey doesn’t rely on external substances; rather, it’s a mindful navigation of our thoughts, emotions, and perceptions. It’s a quest to better understand the intricate web of our consciousness and the infinite potential it holds.

**Ethical Philosophy: Guiding Our Path**

As we tread the path of cognitive liberty, ethical philosophy serves as our compass. We’re confronted with questions that challenge us to consider the implications of our actions on both ourselves and society. How do we responsibly wield our freedom to explore our minds? How do we ensure that our pursuits don’t infringe upon the well-being of others? Ethical considerations shape our approach to cognitive liberty, emphasizing respect for ourselves, others, and the interconnectedness of our experiences.

**Expanding Horizons, Expanding Humanity**

Expanding human consciousness is a journey of expanding our horizons and, in turn, expanding our humanity. By embracing cognitive liberty and consciously exploring our inner landscapes, we contribute to the ever-evolving tapestry of human understanding. Our discoveries become threads woven into the fabric of shared knowledge, fostering empathy, connection, and a deeper appreciation for the diversity of human experience.

**Cognitive Rights for the Future**

In the pursuit of cognitive liberty, we’re paving the way for cognitive rights to be recognized and protected. Just as we cherish freedom of speech and expression, cognitive rights could emerge as a cornerstone of our evolving societal framework. By championing cognitive liberty, we’re advocating for the importance of personal growth, self-awareness, and the exploration of consciousness as integral components of the human experience.

In conclusion, cognitive liberty transcends conventional boundaries and offers us a profound invitation to explore the limitless dimensions of our minds. As we embark on this journey of consciousness exploration, guided by ethical considerations, we contribute to the ongoing evolution of human understanding and interconnectedness. Let us embrace cognitive liberty as a catalyst for personal growth, connection, and the expansion of our shared humanity.

**Title: Exploring Cognitive Liberty: Navigating the Frontiers of Human Consciousness**

In a rapidly evolving world, the exploration of cognitive liberty and the depths of human consciousness has taken center stage. As we journey towards greater self-awareness and understanding, a multitude of fascinating concepts come into play. Let’s delve into the captivating realm of cognitive liberty without focusing on drug-related aspects, and discover how it influences personal growth, ethical philosophy, and the expansion of our cognitive horizons.

**Consciousness Exploration for Personal Growth**

Consciousness, that enigmatic phenomenon that defines our awareness, offers a vast landscape for exploration. In the pursuit of personal growth, understanding the various dimensions of consciousness becomes a transformative endeavor. Exploring altered states of consciousness, not limited to substances, can lead to insights about the mind’s capabilities and the limitless potential for self-improvement.

**Cognitive Enhancement and the Mind-Body Connection**

Cognitive enhancement is an exciting avenue of study that transcends the boundaries of conventional thought. It encompasses practices that harness the mind’s innate abilities to optimize cognitive functions. The mind-body connection, a cornerstone of cognitive liberty, allows us to explore techniques such as meditation, mindfulness, and cognitive exercises to unlock new levels of mental clarity and focus.

**Ethical Philosophy and Cognitive Rights**

As cognitive liberty paves the way for uncharted territories, questions of ethics and personal freedom emerge. Ethical philosophy enters the discussion as we contemplate the boundaries of our cognitive experiences. The concept of cognitive rights gains prominence, advocating for individuals’ autonomy over their consciousness and mental states, irrespective of their chosen path of exploration.

**The Neuroethical Implications of Expanding Consciousness**

Neuroethics, a field at the intersection of neuroscience and ethics, plays a crucial role in the pursuit of cognitive liberty. It grapples with the implications of altering consciousness and advocates for responsible exploration. The discourse surrounding neuroethics challenges us to consider the potential impacts of our actions on both our individual well-being and society at large.

**Embracing Cognitive Liberty: A Journey of Discovery**

In conclusion, cognitive liberty offers a multidimensional journey that extends far beyond its perceived associations with substance-related exploration. It encompasses personal growth, ethical considerations, and the intersection of mind and body. By embracing the diversity of cognitive experiences available to us, we embark on a profound journey of self-discovery and a deeper understanding of the complexities of human consciousness.

As we navigate the uncharted waters of cognitive liberty, we’re invited to challenge existing paradigms, explore the unexplored, and champion our right to explore the full spectrum of human consciousness in an ethical and mindful manner.

Keywords: Cognitive liberty, Consciousness exploration, Mind freedom, Psychedelic research, Altered states of consciousness, Personal growth and consciousness, Cognitive enhancement, Ethical philosophy, Drug policy reform, Mental sovereignty, Psychedelic therapy, Mind-body connection, Neuroethics, Expanding human consciousness, Cognitive rights

Neonatal tetanus campaign in Kenya (induced infertility)

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Further References

Oller, J. W., Shaw, C. A., Tomljenovic, L., Karanja, S. K., Ngare, W., Clement, F. M., & Pillette, J. R.. (2017). HCG Found in WHO Tetanus Vaccine in Kenya Raises Concern in the Developing World. OALib

Plain numerical DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1103937
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“In 1993, who announced a ‘birth-control vaccine’ for ‘family planning’. published research shows that by 1976 who researchers had conjugated tetanus toxoid (tt) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) producing a ‘birth-control’ vaccine. conjugating tt with hcg causes pregnancy hormones to be attacked by the immune system. expected results are abortions in females already pregnant and/or infertility in recipients not yet impregnated. repeated inoculations prolong infertility. currently who researchers are working on more potent anti-fertility vaccines using recombinant dna. who publications show a long-range purpose to reduce population growth in unstable ‘less developed countries’. by november 1993 catholic publications appeared saying an abortifacient vaccine was being used as a tetanus prophylactic. in november 2014, the catholic church asserted that such a program was underway in kenya. three independent nairobi accredited biochemistry laboratories tested samples from vials of the who tetanus vaccine being used in march 2014 and found hcg where none should be present. in october 2014, 6 additional vials were obtained by catholic doctors and were tested in 6 accredited laboratories. again, hcg was found in half the samples. subsequently, nairobi’s agriq quest laboratory, in two sets of analyses, again found hcg in the same vaccine vials that tested positive earlier but found no hcg in 52 samples alleged by the who to be vials of the vaccine used in the kenya campaign 40 with the same identifying batch numbers as the vials that tested positive for hcg. given that hcg was found in at least half the who vaccine samples known by the doctors involved in administering the vaccines to have been used in kenya, our opinion is that the kenya ‘anti-tetanus’ campaign was reasonably called into question by the kenya catholic doctors association as a front for population growth reduction.”

Ibinda, F., Bauni, E., Kariuki, S. M., Fegan, G., Lewa, J., Mwikamba, M., … Newton, C. R. J. C.. (2015). Incidence and risk factors for Neonatal Tetanus in admissions to Kilifi County hospital, Kenya. PLoS ONE

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122606
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“Background neonatal tetanus (nt) is a preventable cause of mortality and neurological sequelae that occurs at higher incidence in resource-poor countries, presumably because of low maternal immunisation rates and unhygienic cord care practices. we aimed to determine changes in the incidence of nt, characterize and investigate the associated risk factors and mortality in a prospective cohort study including all admissions over a 15-year period at a county hospital on the kenyan coast, a region with relatively high historical nt rates within kenya. methods we assessed all neonatal admissions to kilifi county hospital in kenya (1999-2013) and identified cases of nt (standard clinical case definition) admitted during this time. poisson regression was used to examine change in incidence of nt using accurate denominator data from an area of active demographic surveillance. logistic regression was used to investigate the risk factors for nt and factors associated with mortality in nt amongst neonatal admissions. a subset of sera from mothers (n = 61) and neonates (n = 47) were tested for anti-tetanus antibodies. results there were 191 nt admissions, of whom 187 (98%) were home deliveries. incidence of nt declined significantly (incidence rate ratio: 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.81-0.89), p<0.001) but the case fatality (62%) did not change over the study period (p = 0.536). younger infant age at admission (p = 0.001) was the only independent predictor of mortality. compared to neonatal hospital admittee controls, the proportion of home births was higher among the cases. sera tested for antitetanus antibodies showed most mothers (50/61, 82%) had undetectable levels of antitetanus antibodies, and most (8/9, 89%) mothers with detectable antibodies had a neonate without protective levels. conclusions incidence of nt in kilifi county has significantly reduced, with reductions following immunisation campaigns. our results suggest immunisation efforts are effective if sustained and efforts should continue to expand coverage.”

Melgaard, B., Mutie, D. M., & Kimani, G.. (1988). A cluster survey of mortality due to neonatal tetanus in Kenya. International Journal of Epidemiology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1093/ije/17.1.174
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“Three house-to-house surveys were conducted in three different districts in kenya, using a cluster survey technique for estimation of neonutal tetanus death retes. the results showed neonatal death rates of 10, 16 and 23 per 1000 livebirths and neonatal tetanus death rates of 6, 11 and 16 per 1000 livebirths respectively.a recall method based on interviews with women attending antenatal clinics gave much lower rates.the community surveys indicate a total neonatal tetanus death rate of per 1000 livebirths and it is estimated that each year between 8000 and 12000 children die in kenya from this preventable disease. © 1988 international epidemiological association.”

Maitha, E., Baya, C., & Bauni, E.. (2013). He burden and challenges of neonatal tetanus in Kilifi district, Kenya-2004-7. East African Medical Journal

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“Objectives: to describe the incidence of neonatal tetanus (nnt) and to describe the trends between 2004 and 2007; to show the geographical distribution of nnt in kilifi district and to describe routine immunisation coverage, catch-up campaigns and mop-ups. design: retrospective study setting: kilifi district, coastal kenya subjects: children diagnosed with neonatal tetanus (nnt) attending health facilities in the district. results: the incidence of nnt in kilifi increased from 0.6 in 2004 to 1.0 per 1000 live births in 2007. over 50% of kilifi district was a high risk area for nnt. it was a public health problem (>1 per 1000 live births) in 19/36 locations. immunisation (tt2+) increased from 4% in 2004 to 17% in 2007 for women of childbearing age and from 22% to 98% for pregnant women in the same period. all cases of nnt were delivered at home. 83% of nnt cases had potentially infectious materials applied to their cords. conclusions: neonatal tetanus was an increasing problem in kilifi district in the period 2004-2007. immunisation coverage was low for women of childbearing age. tt immunisation data capture was a mix-up (pregnant women and women of childbearing age) at various health facilities and was a challenge to accurate estimates of tt2+ immunisation coverage.”

Organización Mundial de la Salud, & Salud, O. M. de la. (2006). Tetanus vaccine; WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemilogical Report

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“Recent tetanus cases associated with male circumcision in eastern and southern africa (esa) prompted an examination of tetanus immunity by age and sex using multiplex serologic data from community surveys in three esa countries during 2012.2013. tetanus seroprotection was lower among children 5.14 years versus 1.4 years of age in kenya (66% versus 90%) and tanzania (66% versus 89%), but not in mozambique (91% versus 88%), where children receive two booster doses in school. among males . 15 years of age, tetanus seroprotection was lower than females in kenya (45% versus 96%), tanzania (28% versus 94%), and mozambique (64% versus 90%). tetanus immunity from infant vaccination doses wanes over time, and only women of reproductive age routinely receive booster doses. to prevent immunity gaps in older children, adolescents, and adult men, a life-course vaccination strategy is needed to provide the three recommended tetanus booster doses.”

βhCG

Talwar, G. P., Gupta, J. C., Rulli, S. B., Sharma, R. S., Nand, K. N., Bandivdekar, A. H., … Singh, P.. (2015). Advances in development of a contraceptive vaccine against human chorionic gonadotropin. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1049943
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“Introduction: there is continuing need for contraceptives. according to world health organization, 210 million pregnancies occur each year, out of which some 80 million are unintended. a vaccine offering privacy and periodic intake would be an attractive proposition.areas covered: the article is a brief review of three vaccines developed against human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) with progressively better attributes. clinical trials have proven in more than one country the complete safety and reversibility of the anti-hcg vaccine(s) in women. vaccination does not entail any disturbance in levels of reproductive tract hormones of the woman or any disturbance in menstrual regularity and bleeding profiles. phase ii clinical trials show the effective prevention of pregnancy in sexually active women of proven fertility. a recombinant vaccine amenable to industrial production has been developed; it induces substantially higher antibody titers in mice of four different genetic strains than those required to prevent pregnancy in women. rigorous toxicology studies have been completed on this vaccine in rodents and marmosets.expert opinion: this unique vaccine, requiring periodic intake and demonstrating no impairment of ovulation, hormonal profiles and menstrual regularity, is on the verge of final clinical trials under the aegis of the indian council of medical research and should be a valuable addition to the available contraceptives.”

Gupta, S. K., Shrestha, A., & Minhas, V.. (2014). Milestones in contraceptive vaccines development and hurdles in their application. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics

Plain numerical DOI: 10.4161/hv.27202
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“Contraceptive vaccines have been proposed for controlling the growing human population and wildlife population management. multiple targets such as gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh), luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, gonadotropin receptors, sperm-specific proteins and zona pellucida glycoproteins have been exploited to develop contraceptive vaccine and their efficacy investigated and shown in various experimental animal models. vaccines based on gnrh have found application in immuno-castration of male pigs for prevention of boar-taint. vaccines based on zona pellucida glycoproteins have shown promising results for population management of wild horses and white-tailed deer. phase ii clinical trials in women with β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hcg)-based contraceptive vaccine established proof of principle that these can be developed for human application. block in fertility by β-hcg contraceptive vaccine was reversible. further research inputs are required to establish the safety of contraceptive vaccines, improve their immunogenicity and to develop novel vaccine delivery platforms for providing long lasting immunity. © 2014 landes bioscience.”

Stevens, V. C.. (1996). Progress in the development of human chorionic gonadotropin antifertility vaccines. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1996.tb00024.x
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“Prototype human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) vaccines have demonstrated the feasibility of effectively eliciting antibodies in women and inhibiting fertility in both humans and nonhuman primates. also, no serious side-effects due to immunization against self antigens have been revealed to date. however, the formulations so far tested in clinical trials are not suitable for widespread applications due to problems associated with complexities in production, burdensome application procedures, the need for frequent booster immunizations or cost of manufacture. current research efforts involve the development of delivery systems to permit annual or biannual intervals between immunizations for protection from pregnancy, procedures for mucosal immunizations, methods to reduce hypersensitivity and local reactions, and procedures for reducing the cost of production. recent progress in understanding the crystalline structure of the hcg molecule has stimulated further studies to define immunological epitope sequences that might constitute immunogens in future vaccines. the incorporation of vaccine components into biodegradable microspheres has resulted in formulations that elicit elevated antibody levels in rabbits for more than one year. preclinical and clinical studies with such formulations are planned. studies using totally synthetic peptide immunogens constituting hcg b-cell epitopes and ‘promiscuous’ t-cell epitopes from bacterial or viral proteins have been shown to be equally immunogenic as conjugates of hcg peptides with macromolecular carriers. still other peptide immunogens have been developed that can elicit antibody production without detectable proliferation of helper t cells. some of these peptides can induce systemic immunity from oral immunization or systemic injections. alternative vehicles for administering vaccine components with reduced local reactivity show promise for new vaccine formulations.”

Gupta, S. K., & Bansal, P.. (2010). Vaccines for immunological control of fertility. Reproductive Medicine and Biology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s12522-009-0042-9
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“Vaccines have been proposed as one of the strategies for population control. immunocontraceptive vaccines can be designed to inhibit: (1) production of gametes (sperm and egg); (2) functions of gametes, leading to blocking of fertilization; and (3) gamete outcome (pregnancy). immunization with gonadotropin-releasing hormone coupled to different carriers has shown curtailment in the production of sperm with concomitant infertility in various species. immunization of nonhuman primates and men with ovine follicle stimulating hormone has also resulted in reduced sperm output. various spermatozoa-specific proteins such as fa1, ph-20, ldh-c4, sp-10, sp-17, sp56, spag9, and izumo have been proposed as candidate antigens to develop contraceptive vaccines, which have shown efficacy in inhibiting fertility in different animal models. immunization with zona pellucida glycoproteins-based immunogens also results in curtailment of fertility in a variety of species. however, ways to overcome the observed oophoritis associated with zona proteins immunization have yet to be discovered, a necessary step before their proposal for control of human population. nonetheless, this is a very promising approach to control wildlife animal population. phase ii clinical trials of β-human chorionic gonadotropin-based vaccine in women have established the proof of principle that it is possible to inhibit fertility without any untoward side-effects by vaccination. further scientific inputs are required to increase the efficacy of contraceptive vaccines and establish their safety beyond doubt, before they can become applicable for control of fertility in humans. © japan society for reproductive medicine 2009.”

Talwar, G. P., Singh, O. M., Pal, R., Chatterjee, N., Sahai, P., Dhall, K., … Saxena, B. N.. (1994). A vaccine that prevents pregnancy in women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.18.8532
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“We report here results of clinical trials on a birth control vaccine, consisting of a heterospecies dimer of the β subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) associated noncovalently with the α subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone and conjugated to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids as carriers, that induces antibodies of high avidity (k(a) ≃ 1010 m-1) against hcg. fertile women exposed to conception over 1224 cycles recorded only one pregnancy at antibody titers of >50 ng/ml (hcg bioneutralization capacity). the antibody response declines with time; fertility was regained when titers fell to <35 ng/ml. this study presents evidence of the feasibility of a vaccine for control of human fertility.”

Talwar, G. P., Gupta, J. C., Purswani, S., Vyas, H. K., Nand, K. N., Pal, P., & Ella, K. M.. (2021). A unique vaccine for birth control and treatment of advanced stage cancers secreting ectopically human chorionic gonadotropin. Exploration of Immunology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00026
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“This article is a tribute and homage to gerard chaouat who invited me to contribute this article. my years in france have remained very memorable to me. reviewed briefly is the vaccine that was made against human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) to prevent unwanted pregnancy in sexually active women. it has now been developed as a genetically engineered recombinant vaccine and passed onto industry for its production under good manufacturing practices (gmp) conditions for confirmatory trials. the trials have received the approval of the drugs controller general of india. the trials have started but have been interrupted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. this vaccine is likely to have another highly beneficial application in the treatment of cancers expressing ectopically hcg.”

Dr. Robert Willner Accused Anthony Fauci of Genocide during the AIDS “Pandemic” (30 Yrs. Ago)

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Dr. Charles Morgan on Psycho-Neurobiology and War

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Dr. Charles Morgan speaks to cadets and faculty at West Point about a range of topics, including psychology, neurobiology, and the science of humans at war. Dr. Morgan’s neurobiological and forensic research has established him as an international expert in post-traumatic stress disorder, eyewitness memory, and human performance under conditions of high stress.

The event was organized and hosted by the Modern War Institute at West Point.

IgG4 Antibodies Induced by Repeated Vaccination May Generate Immune Tolerance to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

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Abstract
Less than a year after the global emergence of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, a novel vaccine platform based on mRNA technology was introduced to the market. Globally, around 13.38 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses of diverse platforms have been administered. To date, 72.3% of the total population has been injected at least once with a COVID-19 vaccine. As the immunity provided by these vaccines rapidly wanes, their ability to prevent hospitalization and severe disease in individuals with comorbidities has recently been questioned, and increasing evidence has shown that, as with many other vaccines, they do not produce sterilizing immunity, allowing people to suffer frequent re-infections. Additionally, recent investigations have found abnormally high levels of IgG4 in people who were administered two or more injections of the mRNA vaccines. HIV, Malaria, and Pertussis vaccines have also been reported to induce higher-than-normal IgG4 synthesis. Overall, there are three critical factors determining the class switch to IgG4 antibodies: excessive antigen concentration, repeated vaccination, and the type of vaccine used. It has been suggested that an increase in IgG4 levels could have a protecting role by preventing immune over-activation, similar to that occurring during successful allergen-specific immunotherapy by inhibiting IgE-induced effects. However, emerging evidence suggests that the reported increase in IgG4 levels detected after repeated vaccination with the mRNA vaccines may not be a protective mechanism; rather, it constitutes an immune tolerance mechanism to the spike protein that could promote unopposed SARS-CoV2 infection and replication by suppressing natural antiviral responses. Increased IgG4 synthesis due to repeated mRNA vaccination with high antigen concentrations may also cause autoimmune diseases, and promote cancer growth and autoimmune myocarditis in susceptible individuals.
URL: www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/5/991

Edible plants as oral “vaccines”

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Abstract

Plants are promising candidates as bioreactors for the production of oral recombinant proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry. As an initial step toward provision of an oral vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), we have expressed a partial spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV in the cytosol of nuclear-transformed plants and in the chloroplasts of plastid-transformed plants. In the construction of both nuclear and plastid transformation vectors, a 2-kilobase nucleotide sequence encoding amino acids 1-658 of the SARS-CoV spike protein (S1) was modified with nucleotide changes, but not amino acid changes, to optimize codon usage for expression in plants. To investigate the subcellular localization of S1 during transient expression in tobacco leaves, a translational fusion consisting of S1 and the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was generated. Following agroinfiltration of tobacco leaves, analysis by laser confocal scanning microscopy revealed that the S1:GFP fusion protein was localized to the cytosol. In stable transgenic tobacco plants and lettuce plants generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, tobacco and lettuce leaves were observed to express the S1 at high levels from the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter with Northern blot analysis. When the S1 was expressed in transplastomic tobacco, S1 messenger RNA and its corresponding protein were detected on Northern and Western blot analyses, respectively. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of producing S1 in nuclear- and chloroplast-transformed plants, indicating its potential in subsequent development of a plant-derived and safe oral recombinant subunit vaccine against the SARS-CoV in edible plants.

Li, H.-Y., Ramalingam, S., & Chye, M.-L.. (2006). Accumulation of Recombinant SARS-CoV Spike Protein in Plant Cytosol and Chloroplasts Indicate Potential for Development of Plant-Derived Oral Vaccines. Experimental Biology and Medicine

, 231(8), 1346–1352.
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100808
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“Plants are promising candidates as bioreactors for the production of oral recombinant proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry. as an initial step toward provision of an oral vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), we have expressed a partial spike (s) protein of sars-cov in the cytosol of nuclear-transformed plants and in the chloroplasts of plastid-transformed plants. in the construction of both nuclear and plastid transformation vectors, a 2-kilobase nucleotide sequence encoding amino acids 1–658 of the sars-cov spike protein (s1) was modified with nucleotide changes, but not amino acid changes, to optimize codon usage for expression in plants. to investigate the subcellular localization of s1 during transient expression in tobacco leaves, a translational fusion consisting of s1 and the green fluorescent protein (gfp) was generated. following agroinfiltration of tobacco leaves, analysis by laser confocal scanning microscopy revealed that the s1:gfp fusion protein was localized to the cytosol. in stable transgenic tobacco plants and lettuce plants generated by agrobacterium-mediated transformation, tobacco and lettuce leaves were observed to express the s1 at high levels from the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter with northern blot analysis. when the s1 was expressed in transplastomic tobacco, s1 messenger rna and its corresponding protein were detected on northern and western blot analyses, respectively. our results demonstrate the feasibility of producing s1 in nuclear- and chloroplast-transformed plants, indicating its potential in subsequent development of a plant-derived and safe oral recombinant subunit vaccine against the sars-cov in edible plants.”

Pogrebnyak, N., Golovkin, M., Andrianov, V., Spitsin, S., Smirnov, Y., Egolf, R., & Koprowski, H.. (2005). Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) S protein production in plants: Development of recombinant vaccine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

, 102(25), 9062–9067.
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503760102
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“In view of a recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), there is a high demand for production of a vaccine to prevent this disease. recent studies indicate that sars-coronavirus (cov) spike protein (s protein) and its truncated fragments are considered the best candidates for generation of the recombinant vaccine. toward the development of a safe, effective, and inexpensive vaccine candidate, we have expressed the n-terminal fragment of sars-cov s protein (s1) in tomato and low-nicotine tobacco plants. incorporation of the s1 fragment into plant genomes as well as its transcription was confirmed by pcr and rt-pcr analyses. high levels of expression of recombinant s1 protein were observed in several transgenic lines by western blot analysis using specific antibodies. plant-derived antigen was evaluated to induce the systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice. mice showed significantly increased levels of sars-cov-specific iga after oral ingestion of tomato fruits expressing s1 protein. sera of mice parenterally primed with tobacco-derived s1 protein revealed the presence of sars-cov-specific igg as detected by western blot and elisa analysis.”

Li, H.-Y., & Chye, M.-L.. (2009). Use of GFP to Investigate Expression of Plant-Derived Vaccines. In Methods in Molecular Biology

(pp. 275–285)
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-559-6_19
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“Plants are low-cost bioreactors for the production of various biopharmaceuticals including oral vaccines. plant-derived oral vaccines are potentially useful in combating viral infections involving mucosal immunity. transgenic plants have been generated to successfully produce mucosal vaccines against cholera, hepatitis b, foot-and-mouth disease, and norwalk virus. as a first step toward the generation of oral vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), we have expressed a recombinant s1 protein of the sars-cov in transformed tobacco. since plant transformation and regeneration of stable transformants require considerable time, we initially used a green fluorescent protein (gfp) to tag the antigen in transient expression. gfp was fused to the carboxy-terminus of s1 for expression of s1-gfp to show expression of recombinant s1 by agroinfiltration of tobacco leaves. the gfp tag enables a relatively quick confirmation of antigen expression in plant cells by fluorescent microscopy. such analysis using gfp that precedes stable plant transformation will enable the rapid screening of multiple constructs to attain optimal recombinant protein expression. furthermore, this approach determines the subcellular localization of the recombinant protein in plant cells, providing information on optimal subcellular targeting for production in plant bioreactors. © 2009 humana press, a part of springer science + business media, llc.”

Fifth-generation warfare (5GW)

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Fifth-generation warfare (5GW) is warfare that is conducted primarily through non-kinetic military action, such as social engineering, misinformation, cyberattacks, along with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and fully autonomous systems. Fifth generation warfare has been described by Daniel Abbot as a war of “information and perception”. There is no widely agreed upon definition of fifth-generation warfare, and it has been rejected by some scholars, including William S. Lind, who was one of the original theorists of fourth-generation warfare.

History

The term ‘fifth-generation warfare’ was first used in 2003 by Robert Steele. The following year, Lind criticised the concept, arguing that the fourth generation had yet to fully materialize.

In 2008, the term was used by Terry Terriff, who presented the 2003 ricin letters as a potential example, but stated that he was not entirely sure if it was a fifth-generation attack, claiming “we may not recognize it as it resolves around us. Or we might look at several alternative futures and see each as fifth generation.” Terriff argued that while fifth-generation warfare allows “super-empowered individuals” to make political statements through terrorism, they lack the political power to actually have their demands met.

Characteristics

Alex P. Schmid said that fifth-generation warfare is typified by its “omnipresent battlefield”, and the fact that people engaged in it do not necessarily use military force, instead employing a mixture of kinetic and non-kinetic force. In the 1999 book Unrestricted Warfare, by colonels Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui of the People’s Liberation Army, they noted that in the years since the 1991 Gulf War, conventional military violence had decreased, which correlated to an increase in “political, economic, and technological violence”, which they argued could be more devastating than a conventional war.[8] On the contrary, Thomas P. M. Barnett believes that the effectiveness of fifth-generational warfare is exaggerated, as terrorism conducted by individuals, such as Timothy McVeigh or Ted Kaczynski, lacks the support of more organized movements. This was seconded by George Michael, who noted that in the United States, gang violence was responsible for far more deaths than lone wolf terrorist attacks.

L.C. Rees described the nature of fifth generation warfare as difficult to define in itself, alluding to the third law of science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke – “any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.”

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-generation_warfare

Further References

Nadeem, M., Mustafa, G., & Kakar, A.. (2021). Fifth Generation Warfare and its Challenges to Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs

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“This research paper aims to analyze fifth generation warfare and its challenges to pakistan. in modern era, wars are not declared or waged conventionally: instead it is instigated by clandestine agents using military, non-military, media, cyber tools, information operations, ngos, non-state actors, intelligence agencies, propaganda, economic tools, insurgency and terrorism. the adversaries have been waging fgw against pakistan for long. pakistan became nuclear power in 1998 and declaring conventional battle remains very hard for adversaries. hence, they are using tools of fifth generation warfare against pakistan to destabilize it internally and gain their nefarious designs. the enemies are behind conspiracies to destabilize pakistan internally and undermine its image in global community, sponsoring, financing and training terrorists to conduct covert operations within pakistan’s territory. in present era of hybrid warfare, pakistan is facing threats to its national unity due to negative role of some foreign countries. at present, media campaigns against pakistan are at full swing. the enemies have been spreading propaganda, misleading reports, and false news to damage national unity of pakistan. they are trying to influence international institutions, particularly fatf to portray pakistan as terrorist sponsoring state. pakistan is being subjected to fifth generation warfare massively. this research paper highlights challenges of fgw pakistan is presently facing”

Krishnan, A.. (2022). Fifth Generation Warfare, Hybrid Warfare, and Gray Zone Conflict: A Comparison. Journal of Strategic Security

Plain numerical DOI: 10.5038/1944-0472.15.4.2013
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“Strategists have noted substantial changes in warfare since the end of the cold war. they have proposed several concepts and theories to account for the fact that the practice of war has largely departed from a clausewitzian understanding of war and the centrality of physical violence in it. emerging modes of conflict are less focused on the instrumental use of force to achieve political objectives and are more centered on notions of perception management, narratives, asymmetry or irregular conflict, the adversarial uses of norms, and covert and ambiguous uses of force. this article aims to systematically compare three more recent theories of war or political conflict, namely fifth generation warfare (5gw), hybrid warfare (hw), and gray zone conflict. the article demonstrates that although they have the same intellectual roots, they are also different in terms of what they suggest about the nature of contemporary and near future conflict. each of them can enrich our understanding of contemporary warfare, which will be the key to mastering these new modes of conflict short of (theater conventional) war.”

QURESHI, W. A.. (2019). Fourth- and Fifth-Generation Warfare: Technology and Perceptions.. San Diego International Law Journal

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“The composition of warfare is changing. there is an increasing transformation in the traditional aspects of waging a war: conventional techniques of warfare are in decline and newer tactics and tools of warfare, such as information warfare, asymmetric warfare, media propaganda, and hybrid warfare, are filling the gap, blurring the lines between combatant and noncombatant, and between wartime and peacetime. the basic framework of modern warfare was elaborated by carl von clausewitz in his magnus opus on war. he defined modern warfare between states as ‘a duel on larger scale,’ and explained its purpose as ‘a continuation of politics by other means,’ with its core elements of ‘rationality of the state, probability in military command, and rage of the population.’ building on clausewitz’s work, william s. lind distinguished between four generations of warfare since the peace of westphalia in 1648, each generation having its own way of fighting war. this article intends to explore lind’s fourthgeneration warfare and daniel h. abbott’s fifth-generation warfare. it provides different interpretations of fourth-generation warfare (4gw) by several scholars. first, it explains that 4gw is asymmetric warfare fought by nonstate actors and by nonstate cultural groups, where asymmetric warfare and shadow wars are waged by nonstate actors and mercenaries for the political interests of aggressive states. then, it provides additional interpretations of 4gw, which is often understood as fighting on a moral level employing light infantry. by contrast, other scholars believe that 4gw is fought with the tools of information and technology using cyberspace. afterwards, this article explores how to fight 4gw and how it is being fought. the article also investigates abbott’s fifth-generation warfare, a war of perceptions, and explains how to fight 5gw and how it is being fought. furthermore, this article explains how technological progression is used as a tool of modern warfare. [abstract from author]”

Rehman, M. A.. (2022). Media and Fifth-generation Warfare: A Case Study of Indian Disinformation Campaign Against Balochistan. Journal of Mass Communication Department, Dept of …

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Patel, A.. (2019). Fifth-Generation Warfare and the Definitions of Peace. The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare

Plain numerical DOI: 10.21810/jicw.v2i2.1061
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“The intent of this paper is to argue that postmodern warfare and fifth-generation warfare impact traditional notions of peace and conflict and therefore, a transformative approach to the definition of peace is required. the main objectives of this paper are three-fold: the first is to contend that where traditional notions of peace include the absence of kinetic violence exclusively, fifth-generation warfare and postmodern warfare encompass several different forms of combat; the second objective is to argue that in fifth-generation warfare conflict is perceived as not only intrastate disagreements but conflict between cultural groups, taken across transnational borders. finally, considering the above arguments, this paper concludes by suggesting that peacebuilding requires a need for peacebuilders to adopt a new definition of conflict and peace. additionally, they need to concern themselves with changing the ‘belligerent and antagonistic attitudes that foster violent conflict at the grassroots level’ (bellamy et al, 2010).”

Jahangir, J., & Bashir, N.. (2022). Fifth Generation and Hybrid Warfare: Response Strategy of Pakistan. Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS )

Plain numerical DOI: 10.54692/ajss.2022.06021753
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“The current study is designed to find out the nature and level of the fifth generation warfare in pakistan. pakistan is facing security challenges on account of terrorism and regional security. it is the time to understand the latest trends in the fifth generation warfare war and implications for pakistan. threats to pakistan’s stability by the hostile countries and their proxies by using 5gw and its ramification needed to be deeply analyzed. the objectives of this study are the conception of the term, comparison between different generations of warfare, mechanisms and techniques used in it and implications on the security of pakistan and response strategies. qualitative research design was implemented with data collection from secondary sources. the findings of the study show that the concept of 5gw is very difficult to comprehend and define, yet it has been grasped differently. the all generations of warfare are basically on two major areas i.e. targeting certain type of ideology and developing modern technology and warfare equipment’s. the study concluded that pakistan is currently facing higher level of fifth generation warfare from india mainly in four major domains i.e. conventional war, diplomatic challenges, misinformation and economic suppression. the findings of the current study are of prime importance for framing a constructive policy in order to counter the 5gw threats. by delineating key issues and challenges, this research presents some recommendation to improve the countering strategies regarding 5gw in the context of pakistan. ”

Shabbir, T., Farooqui, Y., Waheed, S., … S. U.-I., & 2020, undefined. (2020). ’Open Data’Technology and Fifth Generation Warfare (A Pakistan Perspective). Researchgate.Net

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“Warfare’s structure is evolving. the traditional facets of warfare are undergoing a transformation: conventional methods of warfare are dwindling, while newer strategies and technologies of warfare, such as intelligence warfare, asymmetric warfare, media propaganda, and hybrid warfare, are filling the void, blurring the distinctions between combatant and noncombatant, as well as between war and peacetime. carl von clausewitz established the fundamental structure of modern warfare in his magnum opus on battle. he described modern state warfare as ‘a duel on a larger scale’ and clarified its intent as ‘a continuation of politics through other means,’ with its core elements of ‘state rationality, military command chance, and populist anger.’ william s. lind, building on clausewitz’s thesis, characterized four centuries of warfare after the peace of westphalia in 1648, each with its own style of warfare. lind’s fourth-generation warfare and daniel h. abbott’s fifth-generation warfare are the subjects of this article. it discusses various scholars’ explanations of fourth-generation warfare (4gw). to begin, it defines 4gw as asymmetric warfare conducted by nonstate actors and nonstate culture groups, in which nonstate actors and mercenaries conduct asymmetric warfare and shadow wars in the strategic interests of aggressive states. the article then discusses alternative meanings of 4gw, which is often interpreted as combat on a moral basis with light infantry. by comparison, some researchers claim that 4gw is waged through knowledge and technological resources deployed across cyberspace. following that, this article discusses how to combat 4gw and how it is currently being waged. additionally, the article examines abbott’s fifth-generation warfare, a battle of expectations, and discusses how to combat 5gw and how it is now being waged. additionally, this article discusses how technical advancement is used as a weapon in modern warfare. lastly, this article explained how some of the tasks listed previously could be outsourced by the government of pakistan, introducing a new player in the ecosystem. there are lots of data points that could have a new perspective on the economy and massive public databases from towns, countries and government departments. the collection of data has been performed using qualitative and quantitative approaches. it is most likely that the using the principle of “access to open data could enable the government of pakistan to improve …”

Layton, P.. (2017). Fifth Generation Air Warfare Working Paper 43. Royal Australian Air Force Air Power Development Centre

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“There is now a great deal to the concept of fifth-generation air warfare. the term has come to encompass and combine several important ideas, in particular: network-centric thinking, the combat cloud operational construct, multi-domain battle and fusion warfare. fifth-generation air warfare is now a multifaceted concept with real underpinnings. this paper initially explores the ideas on which fifth-generation air warfare is based with the second chapter extending this to discuss some of the practical difficulties in actually implementing these enticing visions. chapter three looks at the application of fifth-generation air warfare to battle network and hybrid wars. together the two types of conflict illuminate some of the fundamental warfighting issues associated with fifth-generation air warfare. chapter four considers how china and russia approach fifth-generation air warfare. their particular strategic cultures and national requirements mean the two countries have adopted unique approaches to fifth-generation air warfare but in this there are insights potentially useful to others. the short conclusion then brings this complicated story together.”

Layton, P.. (2018). Fifth-Generation Air Warfare. Australian Defence Force Journal

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“El vencedor en las guerras de 5a generación será aquél que sea capaz de ejecutar con mayor rapidez el ciclo ooda (observación, orientación, decisión y acción) de john boyd. la clave residirá en el proceso de orientación, en construir más rápidamente que el adversario una imagen precisa del campo de batalla (conciencia situacional). las guerras de 5a generación se basarán en una red que gestione la información, la detección, los efectos y el mando o decisión; en una arquitectura ‘combat cloud’ que mejore la conciencia situacional a través de una ‘picture’ distribuida, en la que la pérdida de un sistema no afecte catastróficamente a la misión, facilitando enganches a mayor distancia y poniendo a disposición de todas las plataformas las capacidades ofrecidas por el resto; en un concepto multidominio, en el que la sinergia provenga del empleo de diferentes capacidades en o desde distintos dominios, cuyo efecto sea mayor que la suma de los efectos que cada una de ellas produciría por separado, y en la fusión de un gran volumen de información, que permita tomar decisiones con mayor rapidez que el adversario, dentro de una estructura de ‘mando centralizado, control distribuido y ejecución descentralizada’. donde los datos y la conectividad serán clave.”

Tahir, I. A., & Afridi, M. K.. (2019). Fifth Generations Warfare (5GW)-The New Dimensions of Enemies Launched Warfare and Security Concern of Pakistan. Global Regional Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.31703/grr.2019(iv-i).27
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“The advent of internet, its confluence with communication and information technology (c&it) has given an exponential rise to generate waves of hyper information thus providing an opportunity to the enemies to launch transitional level of fifth generation warfare (5gw) from various platforms. the present internet dominated age coupled with mediasine qua non usage of deceitful information, baffled news and fabricated themes launched through hostile think tanks and hostile intelligence agencies through their spoofing agents under cover of media imposters, media memes and scintillating campaigns with covert commercial clientele. such slanderers aim to undermine state capacity and capability to act and react during odds/under tense situations. the enemy hired slanderers, their tittle tale imposters propagate the sugar coated lethal contents to the masses especially the youth has many varying dimension and blatant angles corroborated into 5gw”

Barnett, D. K.. (2010). The Fallacies of Fourth and Fifth Generation Warfare. Small Wars Journal

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“In evaluating current warfighting trends (and reconciliatory attempts to understand said trends), it appears the conceptual model of fourth-generation warfare (4gw) (and, by extension, fifth-generation warfare (5gw)) has achieved a level of dominant preeminence to the point of doctrinal establishment. granted, there are frequent (and cogent) counterarguments against inherent 4gw precepts, but said arguments appear to face an almost uphill battle as 4gw/5gw concepts have permeated through the irregular warfighting spectrum, becoming established as ” common knowledge. ” as these terms have become commonplace, frequently spoken with self-assured absolution, it is rather troubling that these concepts of future warfare, intended to reveal (as proponents argue) the myopic stasis of ” conventional ” understanding, have themselves become a closed and limited paradigm. thus, the inherent problem with 4gw/5gw (and the difficulty in countering these concepts) is the nature of their own conventionality. one of the single greatest misconceptions of the theory of 4gw is the overly-simplistic reconciliation of the history of warfare into four, distinctly delineated (and linearly evaluated) categories (or five, as 5gw has conceptually developed), the first culminating just two centuries ago. 1 such a view provides only the most superficial of treatments regarding the history of warfare, any deep examination of which reveals those elements of each ” generation ” appear/disappear/reappear on the world stage as circumstances dictate. of course, the tools have changed and it appears that proponents of 4gw/5gw theory placed too much weight on the value of said tools (i.e. the tools dictate the concepts). while it is true that tools can augment concepts, those basic attributes of any discipline, the most ” core ” of concepts, don’t change and arguably dictate the development and implementation of said tools. furthermore, a great deal of value is placed on the seeming modernity of 4gw’s underlying theory, to include its conceptualization. as hammes states: ” fourth generation warfare uses all available networks – political, economic, social, and military – to convince the enemy’s political decision makers that their strategic goals are either unachievable or too costly for the perceived benefit…the only medium that can change a person’s mind is information. therefore, information is the key element of any 4gw strategy. ” 2 however, any student of sun tzu can see these same ar…”

Layton Peter. (2018). Fifth-Generation Air Warfare. Australian Defence Force Journal

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Vancouver, C.. (2018). Contemporary Conflict & The Fifth Generation of Warfare. The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare

Plain numerical DOI: 10.21810/jicw.v1i1.466
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Turunen, A.. (2018). Alternative media ecosystem as a fifth-generation warfare supra-combination. In Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75307-2_7
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“The evolution in information technology has created new cognitive and social platforms where the amount of interhuman interaction is increasingly present. the development of methods of war constantly follows the trends of society, and therefore, the military interaction in the information, cognitive, and social domains such as in the social media should logically increase. this essay will compare the recent findings on information warfare to the theoretical basis of the nature of contemporary warfare. the framework of the essay will be fifth-generation warfare theory, network warfare theory, and kate starbird’s research on alternative news ecosystem. the argument of the essay is based on how the recent finding on the presence of alternative news ecosystem is compatible with the 5gw framework and hence opens the discussion for the security and military dimension of the alt-news phenomenon.”

Yun, M., & Kim, E.. (2022). Cyber Cognitive Warfare as an Emerging New War Domain and Its Strategies and Tactics. Korean Journal of Defense Analysis

Plain numerical DOI: 10.22883/kjda.2022.34.4.005
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“Cognitive warfare has become the crucial war domain that determines the outcome of modern wars. joseph nye pointed out, ‘in today’s war, it is not whose army wins, but whose story wins,’ emphasizing the importance of narratives to occupy human minds and hearts. this has been repeatedly observed in the ‘war on terror’ in afghanistan and iraq–syria and the russia–ukraine war in 2014 and 2022. the strategic importance of winning human cognition by the use of non-kinetic influence operation had been similarly emphasized in the propositions of fifth-generation warfare and gerasimov’s suggestions. by recognizing the importance of cognitive warfare, this paper attempts to address the concept of cognitive warfare and suggest strategic and tactical principles for its practical operation and use. the concept of cognitive warfare is still ambiguous, blurring together with related concepts such as psychological warfare, information warfare, cyberwar, active measures, and reflexive control. besides, the substantial conceptual differences between the u.s.–west and russia have added more confusion. thus, some clarification to distinguish the concept of cognitive warfare from other related terms seems necessary. meanwhile, neither has there been any concrete proposition of how cognitive warfare works strategically and tactically. the literature and earlier reports only introduced various specific effects and techniques of cognitive operations. nevertheless, how these effects and techniques are strategically– tactically integrated and jointly applied for a cohesive cognitive military operation is yet to be proposed. this paper responds to two such issues of cognitive warfare. in future warfare, the weight of cognitive warfare is anticipated to increase further. hopefully, this paper will be a stepping stone to rouse interest in cognitive warfare and the development of its strategies and tactics.”

Hammes, T. X.. (2007). Fourth Generation Warfare Evolves, Fifth Emerges. Military Review

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“While there is no generally agreed upon definition of 4gw, according to the definition i wrote in 2003, fourth generation warfare uses all available networks-political, economic, social, and military-to convince the enemy’s political decision makers that their strategic goals are either unachievable or too costly for the perceived benefit. while the west was convening conferences to make promises about aid at some future time, hezbollah representatives hit the streets with cash money and physical assistance. while the chinese and vietnamese insurgencies were hierarchies that reflected both the social organizations of those societies and the dominant business and military organizations of the time, recent insurgencies have been networked coalitions of the willing.n8 it is essential to remember that not only will smallpox cause an exceptional number of deaths, but it will also shut down world trade until the epidemic is controlled or burns itself out.”

CASIS. (2019). A Brief History of Social Movements in North America. The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare

Plain numerical DOI: 10.21810/jicw.v2i1.958
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“The purpose of this analysis is to differentiate social movements. in this instance, we will be using the hippie/counterculture movements during the 1960s and 1970s in canada, and those that are occurring in the second decade of the twenty-first century. in particular, this analysis distinguishes right-wing extremist movements in 2016 from groups like the hippie movement and the black panther party movement. specific reference will be made to contrast the social movements of the twenty-first century that are non-political in nature but are identity-based, versus movements during the 60s and 70s that were political by design and intent. due to the non-political nature of twenty-first century violent transnational social movements, they might be characterized as fifth generation warfare, which we identify as identity-based social movements in violent conflict with other identity based social movements, this violence may be soft or hard. ‘soft violence damages the fabric of relationships between communities as entrenches or highlights the superiority of one group over another without kinetic impact. soft violence is harmful activities to others which stops short of physical violence’. (kelshall, 2019) hard violence is then recognized as when soft violence tactics result in physical violence. insurgencies are groups that challenge and/or resist the authority of the state. there are different levels of insurgencies; and on the extreme end, there is the resistance of systemic authority.”

Kelshall, C. M.. (2022). Fifth Generation Warfare? Violent Transnational Social Movements as Security Disruptors

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06636-8_13
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Liles, S.. (2007). Cyber warfare compared to fourth and fifth generation warfare as applied to the Internet. In International Symposium on Technology and Society, Proceedings

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1109/ISTAS.2007.4362225
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“The aspects of societal wide warfare occurring utilizing the technologies of the internet for dissemination and recruitment by entities has been well studied. what has not been studied is the use of adversaries systems of communication, education, and entertainment to assess and gather intelligence. the utilization of the adversaries systems allows for real time knowledge of the adversaries intent and relativistic knowledge gathering from detailed information leakage of organizations. the use of colloquially known web 2.0 and web 3.0 technology tools such as massive multiplayer online role playing games, web forum and online communities, simulated first person environments all lead to real world issues in national conflict. the myriad uses of these tools create a gap in intelligence analysis and understanding of tertiary effects on society. © 2007 ieee.”

Lee, S.-J., & Park, M.-H.. (2017). Fifth Generation Warfare (5GW) – Concept and Its Implication to Korea”s National Security –. Korean Journal of Military Affairs

Plain numerical DOI: 10.33528/kjma.2017.12.2.1
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Flipping a switch inside the head: Radio-operated remote control of neuronal activity

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Source: Rockefeller University
URL: seek.rockefeller.edu/flipping-a-switch-inside-the-head/
Cf.: patents.google.com/patent/US10786570B2/en

Genetically engineered cells, nanoparticles and RF magnetic fields

Source: patents.google.com/patent/US10786570B2/en
In an embodiment of the invention, the cells to be targeted may be genetically engineered to express one or more genes encoding physiologically active proteins of interest, such as those proteins providing a therapeutic benefit. The cells are genetically engineered in such a way that expression of the protein(s) of interest is induced in the cell upon excitation of the nanoparticles which results in a localized temperature increase or an increase in nanoparticle motion. Alternatively, the cells to be targeted may be engineered to express a non-encoding nucleic acid molecule of interest such as an antisense or siRNA molecule. Additionally, the target cells maybe genetically engineered to express a temperature sensitive protein, such as a temperature sensitive ion channel, wherein an increase in temperature mediated by the excited nanoparticles results in a cellular response through activation of the ion channel.
In another embodiment of the invention, target cells may be engineered to intracellularly express a protein that is capable of acting as an activated nanoparticle upon exposure to a RF magnetic field. Such proteins include for example, the iron storage protein ferritin. Such proteins may be expressed in the cell as fusion proteins to target their location to a specific site within the cell, for example, in close proximity to a temperature sensitive channel.

With new technology, scientists are able to exert wireless control over brain cells of mice with just the push of a button. The first thing they did was make the mice hungry.
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Friedman and his colleagues have demonstrated a radio-operated remote control for the appetite and glucose metabolism of mice—a sophisticated technique to wirelessly alter neurons in the animals’ brains. At the flick of a switch, they are able to make mice hungry—or suppress their appetite—while the mice go about their lives normally. It’s a tool they are using to unravel the neurological basis of eating, and it is likely to have applications for studies of other hard-wired behaviors.

Friedman, Marilyn M. Simpson Professor, has been working on the technique for several years with Sarah Stanley, a former postdoc in his lab who now is assistant professor at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and collaborators at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Aware of the limitations of existing methods for triggering brain cells in living animals, the group set out to invent a new way. An ideal approach, they reasoned, would be as noninvasive and non-damaging as possible. And it should work quickly and repeatedly.

Although there are other ways to deliver signals to neurons, each has its limitations. In deep-brain stimulation, for example, scientists thread a wire through the brain to place an electrode next to the target cells. But the implant can damage nearby cells and tissues in ways that interfere with normal behavior. Optogenetics, which works similarly but uses fiber optics and a pulse of light rather than electricity, has the same issue. A third strategy—using drugs to activate genetically modified cells bred into mice—is less invasive, but drugs are slow to take effect and wear off.

The solution that Friedman’s group hit upon, referred to as radiogenetics or magnetogenetics, avoids these problems. With their method, published last year in Nature, biologists can turn neurons on or off in a live animal at will—quickly, repeatedly, and without implants—by engineering the cells to make them receptive to radio waves or a magnetic field.

“In effect, we created a perceptual illusion that the animal had a drop in blood sugar.”

“We’ve combined molecules already used in cells for other purposes in a manner that allows an invisible force to take control of an instinct as primal as hunger,” Friedman says.

The method links five very different biological tools, which can look whimsically convoluted, like a Rube Goldberg contraption on a molecular scale. It relies on a green fluorescent protein borrowed from jellyfish, a peculiar antibody derived from camels, squishy bags of iron particles, and the cellular equivalent of a door made from a membrane-piercing protein—all delivered and installed by a genetically engineered virus. The remote control for this contraption is a modified welding tool (though a store-bought magnet also works).

The researchers’ first challenge was to find something in a neuron that could serve as an antenna to detect the incoming radio signal or magnetic field. The logical choice was ferritin, a protein that stores iron in cells in balloon-like particles just a dozen nanometers wide. Iron is essential to cells but can also be toxic, so it is sequestered in ferritin particles until it is needed. Each ferritin particle carries within it thousands of grains of iron that wiggle around in response to a radio signal, and shift and align when immersed in a magnetic field. We all have these particles shimmying around inside our brain cells, but the motions normally have no effect on neurons.
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Friedman’s team realized that they could use a genetically engineered virus to create doorways into a neuron’s outer membrane. If they could then somehow attach each door to a ferritin particle, they reasoned, they might be able to wiggle the ferritin enough to jostle the door open. “The ‘door’ we chose is called TRPV1,” says Stanley. “Once TRPV1 is activated, calcium and sodium ions would next flow into the cell and trigger the neuron to fire.” The bits borrowed from camels and jellyfish provided what the scientists needed to connect the door to the ferritin (see How to outfit a brain sidebar, right).

Once the team had the new control mechanism working, they put it to the test. For Friedman and Stanley, whose goal is to unravel the biological causes of overeating and obesity, the first application was obvious: Try to identify specific neurons involved in appetite. The group modified glucose-sensing neurons—cells that are believed to monitor blood sugar levels in the brain and keep them within normal range—to put them under wireless control. To accomplish this, they inserted the TRPV1 and ferritin genes into a virus and—using yet another genetic trick—injected them into the glucose-sensing neurons. They could then fiddle with the cells to see whether they are involved, as suspected, in coordinating feeding and the release of hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, that keep blood glucose levels in check.

How to outfit a brain for radio control

Once the virus had enough time to infect and transform the target neurons, the researchers switched on a radio transmitter tuned to 465 kHz, a little below the band used for AM radio.

The neurons responded. They began to fire, signaling a shortage of glucose even though the animal’s blood sugar levels were normal. And other parts of the body responded just as they would to a real drop in blood sugar: insulin levels fell, the liver started pumping out more glucose, and the animals started eating more. “In effect,” Friedman says, “we created a perceptual illusion that the animal had low blood glucose even though the levels were normal.”

Inspired by these results, the researchers wondered if magnetism, like radio waves, might trigger ferritin to open the cellular doors. It did: When the team put the mice cages close to an MRI machine, or waved a rare-earth magnet over the animals, their glucose-sensing neurons were triggered.

Stimulating appetite is one thing. Could they also suppress it? The group tweaked the TRPV1 gene so it would pass chloride, which acts to inhibit neurons. Now when they inserted the modified TRPV1 into the neurons, the rush of chloride made the neurons behave as if the blood was overloaded with glucose. Insulin production surged in the animals, and they ate less. “This seems to indicate clearly that the brain as well as the pancreas is involved in glucose regulation,” Friedman says.

Friedman and Stanley hope that biologists will be able to use the remote-control system to tackle a range of neural processes other than appetite. And beyond being a basic research tool, the method could potentially lead to novel therapies for brain disorders.

www.rockefeller.edu/our-scientists/heads-of-laboratories/

Graphene biointerfaces for optical stimulation of cells

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Researchers have developed a technique that allows them to speed up or slow down human heart cells growing in a dish on command – simply by shining a light on them and varying its intensity. The cells are grown on a material called graphene, which converts light into electricity.

See video (University of California): www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/927967

Savchenko, A., Cherkas, V., Liu, C., Braun, G. B., Kleschevnikov, A., Miller, Y. I., & Molokanova, E.. (2018). Graphene biointerfaces for optical stimulation of cells. Science Advances

, 4(5)
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat0351
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Matt, A., Liang, H., Fishman, M., Gracheva, E., Wang, F., Zhang, X., … Zhou, C.. (2023). Graphene-enabled optical cardiac control in Drosophila melanogaster. In J. A. Izatt & J. G. Fujimoto (Eds.), Optical Coherence Tomography and Coherence Domain Optical Methods in Biomedicine XXVII

(p. 81). SPIE
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1117/12.2652964
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